{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T01:01:06Z","timestamp":1792285266118,"version":"4.4.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":42,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["R21HD108587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21HD108587"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04byxyr05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R03HD113915"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03HD113915"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04byxyr05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["T32EB025766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32EB025766"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00372qc85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DGE-2234667"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-2234667"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/021nxhr62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["25PRE1356822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25PRE1356822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Multi-echo independent component analysis (ME-ICA) has been demonstrated to improve sensitivity and reliability of task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and, in particular, motor-task data with inherent task-correlated head motion. However, previous work has shown that an overly aggressive ME-ICA denoising approach may unintentionally remove task-related signal, while a more conservative approach may not effectively mitigate noise. While the effects of varied implementations of ME-ICA on signal and noise characteristics have been tested thoroughly in breath-hold data, the effects of similar modeling decisions have not been studied in motor-task data, which present with a more localized neural response. Here, we tested and compared the impacts of three analysis methods using rejected ME-ICA components as regressors in subject-level modeling: Aggressive (simple inclusion of ME-ICA regressors), Moderate (excluding task-correlated ME-ICA regressors from the model), and Conservative (orthogonalization of ME-ICA regressors to the core model and accepted ME-ICA components). We applied these methods to data from healthy and multiple sclerosis populations that included performance of hand-grasp, shoulder-abduction, and ankle-flexion tasks. We found that when the amount of head motion and its correlation with the task was high and the expected task-evoked signal was relatively low, the Conservative method led to significantly higher activation, t-statistics, and test-retest similarity in motor regions compared to the Aggressive method. Future motor-task studies may wish to implement similar models to prevent loss of motor signal, while still mitigating the effects of task-correlated head motion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.25.690440","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T21:15:10Z","timestamp":1764364510000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of multi-echo ICA modeling decisions on motor-task fMRI analysis"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha A.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3862-5596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan N.","family":"Northrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chendong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"},{"name":"Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4787-1124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca G.","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7972-0120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aravind","family":"Nehrujee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6979-2793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milap","family":"Sandhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7257-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Molly G.","family":"Bright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.098"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.2","unstructured":"Ahmed, Z. , Bandettini, P. A. , Bottenhorn, K. L. , Caballero-Gaudes, C. , Dowdle, L. T. , DuPre, E. , Gonzalez-Castillo, J. , Handwerker, D. , Heunis, S. , Kundu, P. , Laird, A. R. , Markello, R. , Markiewicz, C. J. , Maullin-Sapey, T. , Moia, S. , Molfese, P. , Salo, T. , Staden, I. , Teves, J. , \u2026 Whitaker, K . (2024). ME-ICA\/tedana: 24.0.2. Zenodo."},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24733"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.048"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738020170122201"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.09.029"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.060"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.619714"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27448"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191962"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41695-z"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460030304"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cbmr.1996.0014"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.021"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03103"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.051"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw157"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2594(200007)44:1<162::AID-MRM23>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.07.049"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05964-2"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20578"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301725110"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.028"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.07.022"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0915"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10550288","article-title":"End-tidal and arterial carbon dioxide measurements correlate across all levels of physiologic dead space","volume":"55","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respiratory Care"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22361"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.117914"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131080"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.09.032"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116157"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.33","unstructured":"Penfield, W. , & Rasmussen, T . (1950). The Cerebral Cortex of Man: A Clinical Study of Localization of Function. MacMillan."},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.018"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.048"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynirp.2025.100240"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/imag_a_00057"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0829"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23097"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.054"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70066"},{"key":"2026051214501188000_2025.11.25.690440v3.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25431-8"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.11.25.690440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:50:18Z","timestamp":1778622618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.11.25.690440"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":42,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.11.25.690440","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}