{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:38:42Z","timestamp":1785404322387,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"group-title":"Cancer Biology","reference-count":45,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["RP160015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP160015"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0003xa228","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RP220270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP220270"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0003xa228","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R21EB031217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21EB031217"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00372qc85","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["W81XWH-21-1-0763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-1-0763"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0447fe631","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["HT9425310664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425310664"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0447fe631","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Visualization of colorectal cancer (CRC) lesions is complicated by their location in the colon and tumor morphology. Reliance on a single surface biomarker for direct identification risks false negatives due to temporal changes and\/or tumor heterogeneity. We developed a multiplexed system of complementary biomarker targets in an effort to capture a broader range of lesions with diverse temporal and\/or phenotypic expression. We identified Mucin-1 (MUC1) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) as useful targeting pairs by examining multiple colon tumor subtypes in a standard tissue array, and by surveying multiple CRC cell lines, both as 2D cultures and as 3D tumoroids, for the presence of the CRC surface biomarkers. We demonstrated the utility of a \u201cuniversal\u201d surface functionalization approach using Antibody-Protein L functionalized microparticles (APL-MPs) that enabled the simultaneous incorporation of antibodies recognizing MUC1 and EPCAM. Using CRC cell heterogeneous tumoroids expressing both MUC1 and EPCAM (HET-tumoroids) and orthotopic animal cancer models designed to express both surface antigens, we demonstrated that: 1) APL-MPs identified MUC1- and EPCAM-positive tumoroids in proportion to antigen expression; 2) APL-MPs detected CRC surface antigens on the luminal colon surface\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and 3) concurrent targeting of multiple surface antigens enhanced the sensitivity of detection of heterogeneous CRC lesions. This approach opens the door for the use of antibody\u2013protein L dual-targeting MPs in a variety of applications to detect heterogeneous cancer lesions.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multi-antigen targeting of MUC1 and EPCAM with Antibody-Protein L microparticles enhances the detection sensitivity of heterogeneous colorectal cancer lesions, offering a promising strategy for the accurate visualization of tumors in complex environments.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.25.690572","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T17:45:10Z","timestamp":1764438310000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibody-Protein L Functionalized Microparticles for Detection of Surface Markers in Heterogeneous Colorectal Lesions"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Saleh","family":"Ramezani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niki M.","family":"Zacharias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Norton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abishai","family":"Dominic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Armijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Richard E.","family":"Wendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Harrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary C.","family":"Farach-Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratip K.","family":"Bhattacharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025120103551334000_2025.11.25.690572v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12625"},{"key":"2025120103551334000_2025.11.25.690572v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.166"},{"key":"2025120103551334000_2025.11.25.690572v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0668-4"},{"key":"2025120103551334000_2025.11.25.690572v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.018"},{"key":"2025120103551334000_2025.11.25.690572v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2024.116452","article-title":"Preclinical evaluation of AGTR1-Targeting molecular probe for colorectal cancer imaging in orthotopic and liver metastasis mouse models","volume":"271","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2025120103551334000_2025.11.25.690572v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21943"},{"key":"2025120103551334000_2025.11.25.690572v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0594-2"},{"key":"2025120103551334000_2025.11.25.690572v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011114","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3281671","article-title":"Evaluation of hypericin-mediated photodynamic therapy in combination with angiogenesis inhibitor bevacizumab using in vivo fluorescence confocal endomicroscopy","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt. 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