{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T15:27:57Z","timestamp":1794497277045,"version":"4.9.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"group-title":"Genetic and Genomic Medicine","reference-count":41,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  Purpose:  Tinnitus is a common and heterogeneous condition whose genetic architecture remains poorly defined and whose definition varies across studies. We asked which common genetic variants are associated with tinnitus, to what extent genetic associations are shared across heterogeneous tinnitus definitions, and in which brain cell populations tinnitus heritability is concentrated.\nMethods: Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 19 independent population-based cohorts from Europe and the United States (hereby named EARGEN), comprising 961,085 adults of European ancestry (75,584 tinnitus cases and 885,501 controls). Tinnitus was defined by self-report in 17 cohorts and by diagnostic codes in two. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based heritability and genetic correlations were estimated by linkage disequilibrium score regression, genes were mapped by gene-based association together with positional and expression quantitative trait locus mapping. Heritability enrichment was tested by stratified linkage disequilibrium score regression across 31 brain cell superclusters derived from post-mortem human brain donors, and across the 461 cell clusters that compose them. Enrichment was tested for replication in the Million Veteran Program (MVP) under a self-report definition (114,325 cases, 201,343 controls) and a diagnostic-code definition (77,601 cases, 310,953 controls).\nResults: Five independent loci reached genome-wide significance (p &lt; 5 x 10\n                  <jats:sup>-8<\/jats:sup>\n                  ) on chromosomes 2, 8, 12, 13 and 16, two of which (rs10877884 and rs2147632) have not been reported previously. SNP-based heritability was 0.0137 (SE = 0.0009) on the observed scale and 0.0535 (0.0036) on the liability scale. Genetic correlations were significant with hearing loss, anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, chronic pain, and four further psychiatric, sleep and vestibular traits. Three superclusters showed a suggestive enrichment in the midbrain-derived inhibitory neurons, amygdala excitatory neurons, and medial ganglionic eminence interneurons at a false discovery rate (FRD) of 0.067, the two latter of which reached significance in the Million Veteran Program (MVP) under the diagnostic-code definition (0.030 and 0.006). At cluster resolution, the amygdala excitatory cluster was found significant (z = 4.82, false discovery rate = 3.3 x 10\n                  <jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup>\n                  ), whereas none of the ascending auditory relay cluster were found enriched (z \u2264 1.71, false discovery rate \u2265 0.21).\nConclusion: Tinnitus-associated common variation concentrates in limbic and cortical neuronal populations rather than in the ascending auditory pathway. The predisposition to tinnitus therefore appears to be central and largely non-auditory in origin. The small number of genome-wide significant associations obtained despite a large sample emphasizes the need for more detailed and standardized phenotyping focusing on the tinnitus disorder.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.28.25340151","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T17:35:12Z","timestamp":1764610512000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrating GWAS meta-analysis with human brain cell mapping implicates the amygdala and cortical inhibitory interneurons in tinnitus"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3611-2939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick MA","family":"Schubert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology \/ Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Kazemi Naeini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Trpchevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm,;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argyro","family":"Bizaki-Vallaskangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Department of Otolaryngology, Tampere, Finland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Broer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Castellana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Statistics, Local Health Authority of Taranto, Taranto, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5429-5292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaare","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Danish Twin Registry, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob vB","family":"Hjelmborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Pina Concas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, 34127 Trieste, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Santin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, 34127 Trieste, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Girotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS, Burlo Garofolo, 34127 Trieste, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe Giovanni","family":"Nardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Licia","family":"Iacoviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, I.R.C.C.S. 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