{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:33:37Z","timestamp":1791275617114,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","issue":"24","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes Dev."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Proper tissue- and developmental stage-specific transcriptional control over the five genes of the human beta-globin locus is elicited in part by the locus control region (LCR), but the molecular mechanisms that dictate this determined pattern of gene expression during human development are still controversial. By use of homologous recombination in yeast to generate mutations in the LCR within a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) bearing the entire human beta-globin gene locus, followed by injection of each of the mutated YACs into murine ova, we addressed the function of LCR hypersensitive site (HS) elements 3 and 4 in human beta-globin gene switching. The experiments revealed a number of unexpected properties that are directly attributable to LCR function. First, deletion of either HS3 or HS4 core elements from an otherwise intact YAC results in catastrophic disruption of globin gene expression at all erythroid developmental stages, despite the presence of all other HS elements in the YAC transgenes. If HS3 is used to replace HS4, gene expression is normal at all developmental stages. Conversely, insertion of the HS4 element in place of HS3 results in significant expression changes at every developmental stage, indicating that individual LCR HS elements play distinct roles in stage-specific beta-type globin gene activation. Although the HS4 duplication leads to alteration in the levels of epsilon- and gamma-globin mRNAs during embryonic erythropoiesis, total beta-type globin mRNA synthesis is balanced, thereby leading to the conclusion that all of the human beta-locus genes are competitively regulated. In summary, the human beta-globin HS elements appear to form a single, synergistic functional entity called the LCR, and HS3 and HS4 appear to be individually indispensable to the integrity of this macromolecular complex.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.24.3083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,5]],"date-time":"2007-06-05T21:15:46Z","timestamp":1181078146000},"page":"3083-3096","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Synergistic regulation of human beta-globin gene switching by locus control region elements HS3 and HS4."],"prefix":"10.1101","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Bungert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U","family":"Dav\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K C","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K H","family":"Lieuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J A","family":"Shavit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Q","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J D","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"246","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02824.x","article-title":"The human \u03b2-globin gene contains multiple regulatory regions: Identification of one promoter and two downstream enhancers.","volume":"7","year":"1988","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(80)90425-0"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.7.9.1663"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.20.7056"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.4.3.380"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(88)90005-0","article-title":"Developmental regulation of \u03b2-globin gene switching.","volume":"55","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90021-2"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.18.7082"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/350252a0"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.19.7470"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05638.x","article-title":"Synthetic human \u03b2-globin 5\u2032 HS2 constructs function as locus control regions only in multicopy transgene concatemers.","volume":"12","year":"1993","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(93)90248-G"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/344309a0"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.18.2203"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.6.5.730"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(93)90137-7"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.5.1359"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/15.24.10159"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.4.10.1637"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.7.1.106"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(80)90087-2"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(91)90188-K"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.11381"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.3.12a.1845"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1993.1121"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90584-8"},{"key":"2021111418271080000_9.24.3083.27","unstructured":"Guthrie, C. and Fink. 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