{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:34:58Z","timestamp":1791160498962,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genome Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of plague, diverged from\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an enteric pathogen, an estimated  1500\u201320,000 years ago. Genetic characterization of these closely related  organisms represents a useful model to study the rapid emergence of bacterial  pathogens that threaten mankind. To this end, we undertook genome-wide DNA  microarray analysis of 22 strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 10 strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    of diverse origin. Eleven\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA loci were deemed absent or highly divergent in all strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Y.  pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Four were regions of phage origin, whereas the other  seven included genes encoding a vitamin B12 receptor and the insect toxin\n                    <jats:italic>sepC<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Sixteen differences were identified between\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, with biovar Antiqua and Mediaevalis strains showing most divergence  from the arrayed CO92 Orientalis strain. Fifty-eight\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    regions were specific to a limited number of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, including the high pathogenicity island, three putative  autotransporters, and several possible insecticidal toxins and hemolysins. The  O-antigen gene cluster and one of two possible flagellar operons had high  levels of divergence between\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains. This  study reports chromosomal differences between species, biovars, serotypes, and  strains of\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    that may  relate to the evolution of these species in their respective niches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1507303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,10]],"date-time":"2003-09-10T13:35:19Z","timestamp":1063200919000},"page":"2018-2029","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Application of DNA Microarrays to Study the Evolutionary Genomics of\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1101","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stewart J.","family":"Hinchliffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen E.","family":"Isherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Stabler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Rakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra C.F.","family":"Oyston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Titball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan W.","family":"Wren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"246","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111810531486000_13.9.2018.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14043"},{"key":"2021111810531486000_13.9.2018.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.9.2321-2329.1998","volume":"180","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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