{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:51:54Z","timestamp":1787734314491,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genome Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The 320-kb human pseudoautosomal region 2 (PAR2) at the tips of the long arms of the X and Y chromosomes is thought to have been duplicated onto the Y chromosome recently in primate evolution. The four genes within PAR2 have been proposed to constitute two zones with different base ratios and transcription, one of which was added recently to the X chromosome. To test this hypothesis, we cloned and mapped PAR2 genes in other species, the lemur, the cat, and a marsupial, the tammar wallaby. None of the human PAR2 genes colocalized with human PAR1 genes in the marsupial genome, confirming that the human PAR1 and PAR2 evolved independently. Of the four PAR2 genes, only <jats:italic>SYBL1 <\/jats:italic>was located on the X chromosome in all species, including marsupials, so it was part of the ancient X. <jats:italic>HSPRY3<\/jats:italic> localized to the X in all the eutherians, but not marsupial, so it must have been added to the X 80\u2013130 million years ago. <jats:italic>CXYorf1 <\/jats:italic>was present on the X in primates and also in mouse, but autosomal in wallaby, suggesting a later addition 70\u2013130 million years ago, and <jats:italic>IL9R <\/jats:italic>was on the X only in primate, suggesting addition 60\u201370 million years ago. The results therefore demonstrate that at least two independent additions were necessary for PAR2 evolution. The present gene order on the human X also requires two inversions. The complicated evolutionary pathway supports the hypothesis that terminal interchromosomal rearrangements are common in regions unpaired at meiosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p>[The sequence data from this study have been submitted to GenBank under accession nos. <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"AF544202\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:type=\"simple\">AF544202<\/jats:ext-link>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"AF544203\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:type=\"simple\">AF544203<\/jats:ext-link>, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"AF544204\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:type=\"simple\">AF544204<\/jats:ext-link>, and <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"AF544205\" ext-link-type=\"gen\" xlink:type=\"simple\">AF544205<\/jats:ext-link>.]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.390503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,3]],"date-time":"2003-02-03T21:06:23Z","timestamp":1044306383000},"page":"281-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Complex Events in the Evolution of the Human Pseudoautosomal Region 2 (PAR2)"],"prefix":"10.1101","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fadi J.","family":"Charchar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Svartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisrine","family":"El-Mogharbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Ventura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria R.","family":"Matarazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Ciccodicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"D'Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A. 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