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The neurobiological basis of normal and pathological fear reactions is reviewed in this article. Innate and learned fear mechanisms, particularly those involving the amygdala, are considered. These fear mechanisms are also distinguished in specific phobias, which can indeed be nonexperiential (implicating innate, learning-independent mechanisms) or experiential (implicating learning-dependent mechanisms). Poor habituation and poor extinction are presented as dysfunctional mechanisms contributing to persistence of nonexperiential and experiential phobias, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.044115.116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,17]],"date-time":"2017-08-17T00:25:27Z","timestamp":1502929527000},"page":"462-471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Neurobiology of fear and specific 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