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Mem."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropeptides are widely used as neurotransmitters in vertebrates and invertebrates. In vertebrates, a detailed understanding of their functions as transmitters has been hampered by the complexity of the nervous system. The marine mollusk<jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic>, with a simpler nervous system and many large, identified neurons, presents several advantages for addressing this question and has been used to examine the roles of tens of peptides in behavior. To screen for other peptides that might also play roles in behavior, we observed immunoreactivity in individual neurons in the central nervous system of adult<jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic>with antisera raised against the<jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic>peptide FMRFamide and two mammalian peptides that are also found in<jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic>, cholecystokinin (CCK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), as well as serotonin (5HT). In addition, we observed staining of individual neurons with antisera raised against mammalian somatostatin (SOM) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI). However, genomic analysis has shown that these two peptides are not expressed in the<jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic>nervous system, and we have therefore labeled the unknown peptides stained by these two antibodies as X<jats:sub>SOM<\/jats:sub>and X<jats:sub>PHI<\/jats:sub>. There was an area at the anterior end of the cerebral ganglion that had staining by antisera raised against many different transmitters, suggesting that this may be a modulatory region of the nervous system. There was also staining for X<jats:sub>SOM<\/jats:sub>and, in some cases, FMRFamide in the bag cell cluster of the abdominal ganglion. In addition, these and other studies have revealed a fairly high degree of colocalization of different neuropeptides in individual neurons, suggesting that the peptides do not just act independently but can also interact in different combinations to produce complex functions. The simple nervous system of<jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic>is advantageous for further testing these ideas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.053758.123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T18:45:16Z","timestamp":1689273916000},"page":"116-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distribution, cellular localization, and colocalization of several peptide neurotransmitters in the central nervous system of<i>Aplysia<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1101","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Robert 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