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Immediately following heroin- (1 mg\/kg; Experiment 1) or cocaine-compartment (20 mg\/kg; Experiment 2) conditioning sessions, rats received vehicle, 1 mg\/kg heroin, or 1 mg\/kg heroin in combination with 3 mg\/kg naloxone. All groups were tested after one pairing (Test 1) and again after three additional pairings (Test 2). Experiment 3 assessed the effects of vehicle, 1 and 2 mg\/kg heroin administered immediately following each of 10 escape training sessions. All groups were tested drug-free on a final Probe test when the escape location was moved to the opposite quadrant of the maze. Contrary to predictions, in both place conditioning experiments there was no significant drug-compartment preference in rats that received post-training 1 mg\/kg heroin, and this effect was reversed by naloxone. In the Barnes maze, post-training 1 mg\/kg heroin did enhance investigation of the escape location during training. However, during the Probe test, 1 mg\/kg increased while 2 mg\/kg decreased investigation of the original escape location, and only 1 mg\/kg enhanced locomotion within the original training quadrant. Taken together, this complex pattern of results cannot be interpreted simply from a memory consolidation perspective and suggests that, even when administered post-training, heroin can influence subsequent task performance through incidental learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.054230.126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:20:15Z","timestamp":1790014815000},"page":"a054230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond memory consolidation? 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