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In contrast, after massed or spaced training, worms were either not attracted at all to or repelled from 1-propanol on the assay plate. The memory after the spaced training was retained for 24 h, while the memory after the massed training was no longer observable within 3 h. Worms pretreated with transcription and translation inhibitors failed to form the memory by the spaced training, whereas the memory after the massed training was not significantly affected by the inhibitors and was sensitive to cold-shock anesthesia. Therefore, the memories after the spaced and massed trainings can be classified as long-term memory (LTM) and short-term\/middle-term memory (STM\/MTM), respectively. Consistently, like other organisms including <jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>, and mice, <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> mutants defective in <jats:italic>nmr-1<\/jats:italic> encoding an NMDA receptor subunit failed to form both LTM and STM\/MTM, while mutations in <jats:italic>crh-1<\/jats:italic> encoding the CREB transcription factor affected only the LTM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.2224411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,30]],"date-time":"2011-09-30T11:23:51Z","timestamp":1317381831000},"page":"654-665","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Aversive olfactory learning and associative long-term memory in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1101","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hisayuki","family":"Amano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro N.","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"246","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111206115387000_18.10.654.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.960510"},{"key":"2021111206115387000_18.10.654.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35036191"},{"key":"2021111206115387000_18.10.654.3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chemosensation in C. elegans","volume":"25","year":"2006","journal-title":"WormBook"},{"key":"2021111206115387000_18.10.654.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90276-6"},{"key":"2021111206115387000_18.10.654.5","unstructured":"Bargmann CI , Mori I . 1997. 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