{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T05:39:44Z","timestamp":1770097184006,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cold Spring Harb Protoc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant hormones have key functions in plant morphology, physiology, and stress responses. Studies on the biology of hormones and their effect on plant physiology and metabolism are greatly facilitated by the exogenous application of these compounds. In general, methods for exogenous hormone application are easy and fast, and provide useful information about their effects in planta. Although hormone effects have been studied in several plant species, the used methods need to be tailored specifically to each species to get robust data. Maize is an established model for basic and applied research, and an excellent system for studying the effects of hormones on developmental and stress responses in a cereal crop. Different methods have been reported for the exogenous application of plant growth regulators in maize, including watering, spraying, immersion, and application to the apical whorl. These various methods are useful to analyze hormone responses at different developmental stages, in specific organs, and within tissues. As with all exogenous application assays, suitable experimental design and the inclusion of proper controls are critical factors in these methods, to obtain reliable and reproducible results. Here, we provide an overview of various methods for hormone exogenous application in maize, and technical considerations to get successful results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.top108526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T15:30:11Z","timestamp":1730302211000},"page":"pdb.top108526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exogenous Hormone Treatments in Maize"],"prefix":"10.1101","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9368-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alfredo","family":"Guzm\u00e1n-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gen\u00f3mica Avanzada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Irapuato 36821, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6316-0316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Javier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gen\u00f3mica Avanzada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Irapuato 36821, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9186-4186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dior R.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-8176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jazm\u00edn","family":"Abraham-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Gen\u00f3mica Avanzada, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Irapuato 36821, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"246","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2020857118"},{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3240"},{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164645"},{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12892-013-0117-3"},{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.28361"},{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatla SC . 2018. Plant growth regulators: an overview. In Plant physiology, development and metabolism (ed. Bhatla SC , Lal MA ), pp. 559\u2013568. Springer, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2023-1_14"},{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10791"},{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.8","unstructured":"Canny MJ . 1984. Translocation of nutrients and hormones. In Advanced plant physiology (ed. Wilkins MB ), pp. 277\u2013296. Pitman Publishing Limited, Marshfield, MA."},{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.247486"},{"key":"2026020209250657000_2026.2.pdb.top108526.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies PJ . 2010. The plant hormones: their nature, occurrence, and functions. In Plant hormones (ed. Davies PJ ). 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