{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T09:14:18Z","timestamp":1768468458843,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The striatum is an input structure of the basal ganglia implicated in several time-dependent functions including reinforcement learning, decision making, and interval timing. To determine whether striatal ensembles drive subjects\u2019 judgments of duration, we manipulated and recorded from striatal neurons in rats performing a duration categorization psychophysical task. We found that the dynamics of striatal neurons predicted duration judgments, and that simultaneously recorded ensembles could judge duration as well as the animal. Furthermore, striatal neurons were necessary for duration judgments, as muscimol infusions produced a specific impairment in animals\u2019 duration sensitivity. Lastly, we show that time as encoded by striatal populations ran faster or slower when rats judged a duration as longer or shorter, respectively. These results demonstrate that the speed with which striatal population state changes supports the fundamental ability of animals to judge the passage of time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/020883","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,16]],"date-time":"2015-06-16T01:03:21Z","timestamp":1434416601000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Striatal dynamics explain duration judgments"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0727-5838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago S.","family":"Gouv\u00eaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2836-8961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7693-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asma","family":"Motiwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4594-0202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1717-1562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian K.","family":"Machens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Paton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159775"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.07.012"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1443-13.2013"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321314111"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00185-5"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1386"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00734.2007"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144247"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.117.4.760","article-title":"Interval timing and the encoding of signal duration by ensembles of cortical and striatal neurons","volume":"117","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience; Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909881106"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4830-11.2012"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.02.036","article-title":"A scalable population code for time in the striatum","volume":"25","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current biology: CB"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buonomano, D. V. In Neurobiology of Interval Timing 101\u2013117 (Springer, 2014).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1782-2_6"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.02.021"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115270"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.12.042"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2004.08.005"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrington, D. L. , Zimbelman, J. L. , Hinton, S. C. & Rao, S. M. Neural modulation of temporal encoding, maintenance, and decision processes. Cerebral Cortex bhp194 (2009).","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp194"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00029.2009"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998562762"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.06.031"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouv\u00eaa, T. S. , Monteiro, T. , Soares, S. , Atallah, B. V. & Paton, J. J. Ongoing behavior predicts perceptual report of interval duration. Frontiers in neurorobotics 8, (2014).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2014.00010"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204906"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.24","first-page":"274","article-title":"A behavioral theory of timing","volume":"95","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychological Review; Psychological Review"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(98)00050-3"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.26","first-page":"241","article-title":"Learning the temporal dynamics of behavior","volume":"104","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Review; Psychological Review"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-6357(03)00023-8"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.1.164","article-title":"Neural representations of the target (goal) of visually guided arm movements in three motor areas of the monkey","volume":"64","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of neurophysiology"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09263"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7863330"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252380000715X"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gershman, S. J. , Moustafa, A. A. & Ludvig, E. A. Time representation in reinforcement learning models of the basal ganglia. Frontiers in computational neuroscience 7, (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2013.00194"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.33","unstructured":"Steiner, H. & Tseng, K. Y. Handbook of basal ganglia structure and function: a decade of progress. 24, (Academic Press, 2010)."},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.01.021"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, G. et al. Bonsai: An event-based framework for processing and controlling data streams. Frontiers in neuroinformatics 9, (2015).","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2015.00007"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.36","first-page":"1433","volume":"3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Image Spaces and Video Trajectories: Using Isomap to Explore Video Sequences"},{"key":"2024080303510049000_020883v2.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2319"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/020883","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T21:39:35Z","timestamp":1768426775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/020883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"references-count":37,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/020883","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}