{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T07:18:18Z","timestamp":1768547898079,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"group-title":"Epidemiology","reference-count":10,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The world is suffering from a pandemic called COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The different national governments have problems evaluating the reach of the epidemic, having limited resources and tests at their disposal. Hence, any means to evaluate the number of persons with symptoms compatible with COVID-19 with reasonable level of accuracy is useful. In this paper we present the initial results of the @CoronaSurveys project. The objective of this project is the collection and publication of data concerning the number of people that show symptoms compatible with COVID-19 in different countries using open anonymous surveys. While this data may be biased, we conjecture that it is still useful to estimate the number of infected persons with the COVID-19 virus at a given point in time in these countries, and the evolution of this number over time. We show here the initial results of the @CoronaSurveys project in Spain and Portugal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.20.20073056","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T05:35:12Z","timestamp":1587706512000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Measuring Icebergs: Using Different Methods to Estimate the Number of COVID-19 Cases in Portugal and Spain"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Baquero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Casari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio Fern\u00e1ndez","family":"Anta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Garcia-Agundez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chryssis","family":"Georgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Nicolaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Oluwasegun","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Patras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.1","unstructured":"Portugal Dire\u00e7\u00e3o Geral da Sa\u00fade, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. COVID-19. https:\/\/covid19.min-saude.pt. Accessed: 2020-04-09."},{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robin Dunbar . How many friends does one person need?: Dunbar\u2019s number and other evolutionary quirks. Faber & Faber, 2010.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvk12rgx"},{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.3","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Covid-19. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/covid-19-pandemic. Accessed: 2020-04-09."},{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.4","unstructured":"Data Science for Social Good Portugal. Dados relativos \u00e0 pandemia COVID-19 em portugal. https:\/\/github.com\/dssg-pt\/covid19pt-data. Accessed: 2020-04-09."},{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Maxmen . How much is coronavirus spreading under the radar? Nature, 2020. https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-020-00760-8.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-00760-8"},{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiroshi Nishiura , Don Klinkenberg , Mick Roberts , and Johan AP Heesterbeek . Early epidemiological assessment of the virulence of emerging infectious diseases: a case study of an influenza pandemic. PLoS One, 4(8), 2009. https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0006852.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006852"},{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.7","unstructured":"The @CoronaSurveys research team. @CoronaSurveys: Monitoring the incidence of COVID-19 via open surveys. https:\/\/coronasurveys.org\/. Accessed: 2020-04-20."},{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.8","unstructured":"T Russel , Joel Hellewell , S Abbot , et al. Using a delay-adjusted case fatality ratio to estimate under-reporting. Available at the Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Repository, here, 2020. https:\/\/cmmid.github.io\/topics\/covid19\/severity\/global_cfr_estimates.html."},{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.9","unstructured":"Wikipedia. Dunbar\u2019s number. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dunbar%27s_number. Accessed: 2020-04-09."},{"key":"2020120711050603000_2020.04.20.20073056v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng Yang , Chunna Ma , Weixian Shi , Shujuan Cui , Guilan Lu , Xiaomin Peng , Daitao Zhang , Yimeng Liu , Huijie Liang , Yi Zhang , et al. A serological survey of antibodies to H5, H7 and H9 avian influenza viruses amongst the duck-related workers in Beijing, China. PLoS One, 7(11), 2012. https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0050770.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050770"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2020.04.20.20073056","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:38:04Z","timestamp":1768484284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2020.04.20.20073056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"references-count":10,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.04.20.20073056","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}