{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:45:57Z","timestamp":1775627157256,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":0,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["220343\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220343\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["221300\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["221300\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006w34k90","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00tw3jy02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  Sex differences in behaviour exist across all animals, typically under strong genetic regulation. In\n                  <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>fruitless<\/jats:italic>\n                  \/\n                  <jats:italic>doublesex<\/jats:italic>\n                  transcription factors can identify dimorphic neurons but their organisation into functional circuits remains unclear. We present the connectome of the entire\n                  <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  male central nervous system. This contains 166,691 neurons spanning the brain and nerve cord, fully proofread and annotated including\n                  <jats:italic>fruitless<\/jats:italic>\n                  \/\n                  <jats:italic>doublesex<\/jats:italic>\n                  expression and 11,691 types. We provide the first comprehensive comparison between male and female brain connectomes to synaptic resolution, finding 7,205 isomorphic, 114 dimorphic, 262 male-specific and 69 female-specific types. This resource enables analysis of full sensory-to-motor circuits underlying complex behaviours and the impact of dimorphic elements. Sex-specific\/dimorphic neurons are concentrated in higher brain centres while the sensory and motor periphery are largely isomorphic. Within higher centres, male-specific connections are organised into hotspots defined by male-specific neurons or arbours. Numerous circuit switches reroute sensory information to form antagonistic circuits controlling opposing behaviours.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.10.09.680999","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:55:18Z","timestamp":1760032518000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Sexual dimorphism in the complete connectome of the\n                  <i>Drosophila<\/i>\n                  male central nervous system"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0766-0488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3527-6782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella R","family":"Beckett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5948-3092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5633-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Schlegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Januszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6333-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aljoscha","family":"Nern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0276-494X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Preibisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1764-5928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-6426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin-ya","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3272-6172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra M C","family":"Fragniere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S","family":"Champion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4702-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane-Yayra","family":"Adjavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7892-6845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3142-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Gkantia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6467-7024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth J","family":"Hayworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9606-3510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary B","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7036-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Kampf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9417-6212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William T","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4128-9774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-9714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Ordish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9297-5504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4054-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomke","family":"Stuerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8588-0569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric T","family":"Trautman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3499-1397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine R","family":"Whittle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-410X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura E","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7261-4156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Hoeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6658-9175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7780-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Loesche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3412-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Billy J","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9477-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Pietzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7297-4547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus W","family":"Pleijzier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4598-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5026-2602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijie","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0173-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1195-0445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Shakeel","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory J","family":"Beresford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4829-9457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Bogovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5998-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Cachero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8454-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon S","family":"Canino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7248-5943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhumpanya","family":"Chaisrisawatsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3932-8188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jody","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0065-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"de Haan Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Dempsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9268-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Dona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4529-8464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcia","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0041-9229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Dreher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2173-3667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher R","family":"Dunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7833-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Eichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8086-206X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha","family":"Finley-May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3314-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam A","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5431-9162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6918-1589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary Patrick","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6746-5035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip M","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8293-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ladann","family":"Kiassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7864-7734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Kovalyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8223-9522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirley A","family":"Lauchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4678-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1242-1836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alanna","family":"Lohff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kit D","family":"Longden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0151-3719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charli A","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5801-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilina","family":"Moitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0194-103X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4938-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9284-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva J","family":"Munnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8829-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nneoma","family":"Okeoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8581-0550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald J","family":"Olbris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7075-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anika","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5160-8434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birava","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7615-301X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily M","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7425-8555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen M","family":"Plaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2785-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alana","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4244-793X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Rivas Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2216-1465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruairi J V","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8275-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward M","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1835-5016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley L","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6238-5789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis A","family":"Scuderi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1527-208X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavithraa","family":"Seenivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9167-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laia","family":"Serratosa Capdevila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-7307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8374-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob","family":"Svirskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2863-0050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoko","family":"Takemura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3661-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Tastekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8462-2090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0255-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lowell","family":"Umayam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7176-4708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John J","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4561-0052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Whittome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8564-7836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C Shan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4467-124X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily A","family":"Yakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1131-0410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tansy","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2869-4393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2121-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reed","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1488-3505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viren","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3680-7378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8396-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wyatt","family":"Korff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0369-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey W","family":"Meissner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4727-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"Romani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4388-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Funke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5663-5967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Knecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4106-1761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Saalfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3289-6564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis K","family":"Scheffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4503-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Waddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7679-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwyneth M","family":"Card","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9542-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4108-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael B","family":"Reiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3000-1533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harald F","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8762-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald M","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0587-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S X E","family":"Jefferis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"54368","container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.10.09.680999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T09:46:15Z","timestamp":1768470375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/2025.10.09.680999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.10.09.680999","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}