{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:18:50Z","timestamp":1768472330169,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":59,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Euphorbia umbellata (E. umbellata)<\/jats:italic>\n                  belongs to\n                  <jats:italic>Euphorbiaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                  family, popularly known as Janauba, and contains in its latex a combination of phorbol esters with biological activities described to different cellular protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. Here, we identified deoxi-phorbol esters present in\n                  <jats:italic>E. umbellata<\/jats:italic>\n                  latex alcoholic extract able to increase HIV transcription and reactivate HIV from latency models. This activity was mediated by NF-kB activation followed by nuclear translocation and binding to HIV LTR promoter. In addition,\n                  <jats:italic>E. umbellate<\/jats:italic>\n                  latex extract induced the production of pro inflammatory cytokines together with IL21 in\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  human PBMC cultures. Our latex extract activates latent HIV in human PBMCs isolated from HIV positive patients as well as latent SIV in non-human primate primary CD4\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  T lymphocytes. These results strongly indicate that the phorbol esters present in\n                  <jats:italic>E. umbellata<\/jats:italic>\n                  latex are promising candidate compounds for future clinical trials for\n                  <jats:italic>shock and kill<\/jats:italic>\n                  therapy to promote HIV cure and eradication.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/293662","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]],"date-time":"2018-04-03T06:40:12Z","timestamp":1522737612000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reactivation of latent HIV-1\n                  <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                  using an alcoholic extract from\n                  <i>Euphorbia umbellata<\/i>\n                  (Euphorbiaceae) latex"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Ana Luiza Chaves","family":"Valad\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Pezzuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Viviane A. 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