{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T22:52:19Z","timestamp":1769035939503,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"group-title":"Physiology","reference-count":45,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  In north-temperate small passerines, overwinter survival is associated with a reversibly increased maximum cold-induced metabolism (M\n                  <jats:sub>sum<\/jats:sub>\n                  ). This strategy may incur increased energy consumption. Therefore, species inhabiting ecosystems characterized by cold winters and low productivity (i.e., low available energy) may be precluded from displaying an increase in maximum metabolic rates. To examine whether M\n                  <jats:sub>sum<\/jats:sub>\n                  is a flexible phenotype in such challenging environments, and ultimately uncover its underpinning mechanisms, we studied an arid-endemic small bird (Karoo scrub-robin) whose range spans a primary productivity and minimum temperature gradient. We measured M\n                  <jats:sub>sum<\/jats:sub>\n                  , body condition, mass of thermogenic muscles and two indices of cellular aerobic capacity from populations living in three environmentally different regions. We found that M\n                  <jats:sub>sum<\/jats:sub>\n                  was seasonally flexible, associated with aerobic capacity of limb muscles, but not increasing with lower temperatures, as predicted. Notwithstanding, the cold limit (temperature at which birds reached their maximum metabolic capacity) decreased in winter. These results indicate that birds from arid-zones may respond to cold conditions by altering thermosensation, rather than spending energy to produce heat in skeletal muscles.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/461871","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T19:25:12Z","timestamp":1541445912000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["31\u00b0 South: phenotypic flexibility in adaptive thermogenesis among conspecific populations of an arid-endemic bird - from organismal to cellular level"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0666-3449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c2ngela M.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Prats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicholas B.","family":"Pattinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. Thomas P.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4160-8242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ben","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.1","first-page":"861","article-title":"The evolution of thermal physiology in endotherms","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2015.10.023"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozinovic F. and D. E. Naya . 2014. Linking Physiology, Climate, and Species Distributional Ranges. Pp. 277\u2013290 in L. B. Martin , C. K. Ghalambor , and H. A. Woods eds. Integrative Organismal Biology. Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118398814.ch17"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icx118"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.5","first-page":"145","article-title":"Three-dimensional reconstruction of the human skeletal muscle mitochondrial network as a tool to assess mitochondrial content and structural organization","volume":"213","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4565(03)00050-0"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2307\/3676664","article-title":"Metabolic Aspects of Shivering Thermogenesis in Passerines During Winter","volume":"23","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ornis Scandinavica"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5086"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.01.021"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.10","unstructured":"Hijmans R.J. 2017. Package \u201craster\u201d 1\u2013244."},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2011.01622.x"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hochachka P.W. and G. N. Somero . 2002. Biochemical adaptation: mechanism and process in physiological evolution.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195117028.001.0001"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.13","first-page":"219","article-title":"Effects of Helium\/Oxygen and Temperature on Aerobic Metabolism in the Marsupial Sugar Glider, Petaurus breviceps","volume":"74","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.14","unstructured":"Hothola E. 2004. Shivering Thermogenesis in Birds and Mammals. Pp. 241\u2013252 in B. M. Barnes and H. V. Carey eds. Life in the cold: evolution, mechanisms, adaptation, and application. 12th International Hibernation Symposium."},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.15","unstructured":"Isaac P. , M. Nunez-Villegas , F. Bozinovic , and P. Sabat . 2014. Metabolic enzymes in seasonally acclimatized and cold acclimated rufous-collared sparrow inhabiting a Chilean Mediterranean environment."},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/282487"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-482"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.18","unstructured":"Kaiser A. 1993. A new multi-category classification of subcutaneous fat deposits of songbirds. J Field Ornithology 246\u2013255."},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruger A.C. , A. M. Goliger , J. V. Retief , and S. SeKele . 2010. Strong wind climatic zones in South Africa. Wind and Structures 13.","DOI":"10.12989\/was.2010.13.1.037"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2011.07.011"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2011.06.010"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh R.L. and W. R. Dawson . 1989. Avian Adjustments to Cold. Pp. 205\u2013253 in Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-74078-7_6"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.083"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKechnie A.E. and D. L. Swanson . 2010. Sources and significance of variation in basal, summit and maximal metabolic rates in birds. Curr Zool.","DOI":"10.1093\/czoolo\/56.6.741"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.25","first-page":"650","volume-title":"nrendo.2014.160","volume":"10","year":"2014"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1086\/689030","article-title":"Seasonal Metabolic Acclimatization Varies in Direction and Magnitude among Populations of an Afrotropical Passerine Bird","volume":"90","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.046854"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12558","article-title":"Tag location and risk assessment for passive integrated transponder-tagging passerines","volume":"160","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ibis"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0706.2009.17643.x"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2845983"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putti R. , R. Sica , V. Migliaccio , and L. Lionetti . 2015. Diet impact on mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics. Front Physiol 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00109"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.32","unstructured":"R Development Core Team. 2013. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2009.01646.x","article-title":"Avian seasonal metabolic variation in a subtropical desert: basal metabolic rates are lower in winter than in summer","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"Funct Ecology"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101577"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00522.x"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.36","first-page":"249","volume":"184","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seasonal variation in pectoralis muscle and heart myostatin and tolloid-like proteinases in small birds: a regulatory role for seasonal phenotypic flexibility? J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swanson D.L. , M. W. Drymalsky , and J. R. Brown . 1996. Sliding vs static cold exposure and the measurement of summit metabolism in birds. Journal of Thermal Biology 221\u2013226.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4565(96)00005-8"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tattersall G.J. , Tattersall G.J. , B. J. Sinclair , B. J. Sinclair , P. C. Withers , P. C. Withers , P. A. Fields , et al. 2012. Coping with Thermal Challenges: Physiological Adaptations to Environmental Temperatures. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c110055"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson C.F. 2010. Current Ornithology. Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6421-2"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01397"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/667989"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icr044"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02338"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham H. 2016. ggplot2 - elegant graphics for Data Analysis. Springer International Publishing, Houston.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"2019072211025947000_461871v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675439"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/461871","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:01:48Z","timestamp":1768431708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/461871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"references-count":45,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/461871","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}