{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:40:44Z","timestamp":1768484444285,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"group-title":"Molecular Biology","reference-count":34,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Portugal has one of the most severe HIV-1 epidemic in Western Europe.\n                        Two subtypes circulate in parallel since the beginning of the epidemic.\n                        Comparing their transmission patterns and its association with transmitted\n                        drug resistance (TDR) is important to pinpoint transmission hotspots and to\n                        develop evidence-based treatment guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>3599 HIV-1 naive patients collected between 2001 and 2014 were included\n                        in the study. Sequences obtained from drug resistance testing were used for\n                        subtyping, TDR determination and transmission clusters (TC)\n                        analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Subtype B transmission was significantly associated with young males,\n                        while subtype G was associated with older heterosexuals. Young males\n                        infected with subtype B were more likely to be included in TC. Consistently,\n                        a decreasing trend of prevalence and transmission of subtype G in Portuguese\n                        originated people was observed. Active TCs were associated with subtype\n                        B-infected males residing in Lisbon. TDR was significantly different when\n                        comparing subtypes B (10.8% [9.5-12.2]) and G (7.6% [6.4-9.0])\n                        (p=0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>TC analyses shows that the subtype B epidemic is active and fueled by\n                        young male patients residing in Lisbon and that transmission of subtype G in\n                        Portugal is decreasing. Despite similar treatment rates for both subtypes in\n                        Portugal, TDR is different between subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1101\/655514","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T14:48:28Z","timestamp":1639579708000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Drivers of HIV-1 transmission: the Portuguese case"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Andrea-Clemencia","family":"Pineda-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7928-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pingarilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guangdi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Vrancken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Libin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Perpetua","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo Jorge","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kristof","family":"Theys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Barroso","family":"Abecasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"on behalf of the\n                    Portuguese HIV-1 Resistance Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; World\n                        Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe HIV\/AIDS surveillance in\n                        Europe 2018. 2017 Data."},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.2","unstructured":"Cortes Martins, H. ; Aldir, I. Infe\u00e7\u00e3o VIH e SIDA: a\n                        situa\u00e7\u00e3o em Portugal a 31 de dezembro de 2017; Instituto Nacional de Sa\u00fade\n                        Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP: Lisboa, 2018;"},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32251","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32251","article-title":"A Direct Comparison of Two Densely Sampled HIV Epidemics: The UK and Switzerland","volume":"6","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vew010"},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-19080-5","article-title":"HIV-1 Infection in Cyprus, the Eastern Mediterranean European Frontier: A Densely Sampled Transmission Dynamics Analysis from 1986 to 2012","volume":"8","author":"SPREAD\/ESAR Program","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101738"},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006000","article-title":"Social and Genetic Networks of HIV-1 Transmission in New York City","volume":"13","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.8","unstructured":"Conselho Cient\u00edfico do Programa Nacional para a Infe\u00e7\u00e3o\n                        VIH\/SIDA Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es Portuguesas para o tratamento da infe\u00e7\u00e3o por VIH-1 e\n                        VIH-2 (2016 vers\u00e3o 1.0)."},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.9","unstructured":"EACS European AIDS Clinical Society European Guidelines\n                        for treatment of HIV-positive adults in Europe version 9.1.\n                        2018."},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70032-9"},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.01.009"},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.12","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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BEST HOPE - Cohort of newly\n                        diagnosed patients in Portugal 2016."},{"key":"2021121510373689000_655514v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835cffd9"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1101\/655514","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:13:43Z","timestamp":1768432423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1101\/655514"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"references-count":34,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/655514","relation":{"is-preprint-of":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218226","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,30]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}