{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:17:33Z","timestamp":1768486653121,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"group-title":"Evolutionary Biology","reference-count":52,"publisher":"openRxiv","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                  A\n                  <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                <\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Unlike wild and domestic canaries (\n                  <jats:italic>Serinus canaria<\/jats:italic>\n                  ), or any of the three dozen species of finches in genus\n                  <jats:italic>Serinus<\/jats:italic>\n                  , the domestic urucum breed of canaries exhibits bright red bills and legs. This novel bare-part coloration offers a unique opportunity to understand how leg and bill coloration evolve in birds. To identify the causative locus, we resequenced the genome of urucum canaries and performed a range of analyses to search for genotype-to-phenotype associations across the genome. We identified a nonsynonymous mutation in the gene\n                  <jats:italic>BCO2<\/jats:italic>\n                  (beta-carotene oxygenase 2, also known as\n                  <jats:italic>BCDO2<\/jats:italic>\n                  ), an enzyme involved in the cleavage and breakdown of full-length carotenoids into short apocarotenoids. Protein structural models and\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  functional assays indicate that the urucum mutation abrogates the carotenoid cleavage activity of BCO2. Consistent with the predicted loss of carotenoid cleavage activity, urucum canaries had increased levels of full-length carotenoid pigments in bill tissue and a significant reduction in levels of carotenoid cleavage products (apocarotenoids) in retinal tissue compared to other breeds of canaries. We hypothesize that carotenoid-based bare-part coloration might be readily gained, modified, or lost through simple switches in the enzymatic activity or regulation of\n                  <jats:italic>BCO2<\/jats:italic>\n                  and this gene may be an important mediator in the evolution of bare-part coloration among bird species.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1101\/762112","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T01:05:36Z","timestamp":1568077536000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic Basis of\n                  <i>De Novo<\/i>\n                  Appearance of Carotenoid Ornamentation in Bare-Parts of Canaries"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Anna Gazda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Toomey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo J.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Connie A.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kyla","family":"Serres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip D.","family":"Kiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Geoffrey E.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joseph C.","family":"Corbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Carneiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2019091110450750000_762112v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. 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