{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:14:21Z","timestamp":1791418461765,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EXC-2094\u2013390783311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EXC-2094\u2013390783311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010358","name":"Somerville College, University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010358","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/X000761\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/X000761\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.aps.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phys. Rev. Lett."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The thermal confinement phase transition in\n                    <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <a:mrow>\n                        <a:mrow>\n                          <a:mi>SU<\/a:mi>\n                        <\/a:mrow>\n                        <a:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mi>N<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/a:mo>\n                      <\/a:mrow>\n                    <\/a:math>\n                    Yang-Mills theory is first order for\n                    <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <e:mrow>\n                        <e:mi>N<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>\u2265<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>3<\/e:mn>\n                      <\/e:mrow>\n                    <\/e:math>\n                    , with bounce action scaling as\n                    <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <g:mrow>\n                        <g:msup>\n                          <g:mrow>\n                            <g:mi>N<\/g:mi>\n                          <\/g:mrow>\n                          <g:mrow>\n                            <g:mn>2<\/g:mn>\n                          <\/g:mrow>\n                        <\/g:msup>\n                      <\/g:mrow>\n                    <\/g:math>\n                    . Remarkably, lattice data for the action include a small coefficient whose presence likely strongly alters the phase transition dynamics. We give evidence, utilizing insights from softly broken supersymmetric Yang-Mills models, that the small coefficient originates from a deconfined phase instability just below the critical temperature. We predict the maximum achievable supercooling in\n                    <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <i:mrow>\n                        <i:mi>SU<\/i:mi>\n                      <\/i:mrow>\n                      <i:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/i:mo>\n                      <i:mi>N<\/i:mi>\n                      <i:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/i:mo>\n                    <\/i:math>\n                    theories to be a few percent, which can be tested on the lattice. We briefly discuss the potentially significant suppression of the associated cosmological gravitational wave signals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1103\/3r5x-vhnd","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T19:25:38Z","timestamp":1767381938000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prediction for Maximum Supercooling in\n                    <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <mml:mrow>\n                        <mml:mi>SU<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mi>N<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mml:mo>\n                      <\/mml:mrow>\n                    <\/mml:math>\n                    Confinement Transition"],"prefix":"10.1103","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9947-0632","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prateek","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052gg0110","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Oxford"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02t274463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7644-4669","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gaurang Ramakant","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052gg0110","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8051-5204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vazha","family":"Loladze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052gg0110","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0483-0530","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"March-Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052gg0110","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc1R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.69.2026","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc2R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2008\/09\/022","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc3R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2024\/10\/020","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc4R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/acdd02","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc5R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2020\/03\/024","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc6R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppnp.2023.104094","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc7R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(84)91177-8","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc8R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(84)90341-1","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc9R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0550-3213(05)80021-5","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc10R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysb.2003.08.027","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc11R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysb.2005.04.035","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc12R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-2693(01)00741-9","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc13R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.231802","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc14R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217751X16430041","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc15R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.75.043507","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc16R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.92.055034","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc17R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.104.095013","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc18R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.109.035002","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc19R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1126-6708\/2005\/02\/033","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc20R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22323\/1.466.0406","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc21R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.103.232001","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc22R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysb.2009.06.001","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc23R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.107.036010","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc24R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP12(2023)036","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc25R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP06(2024)099","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc26R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP10(2012)115","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc27R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP03(2013)087","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc28R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.88.085003","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc29R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.96.114015","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"3r5x-vhndCc30R1","volume-title":"Lie 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All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright_statement","label":"Copyright statement","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}},{"value":"2026","name":"copyright_year","label":"Copyright year","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}},{"value":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","name":"creative_commons_license","label":"Creative Commons license","group":{"name":"licenses","label":"Licenses"}},{"value":"\u00a92026 The authors","name":"copyright_holder","label":"Copyright holder","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}}],"article-number":"041902"}}