{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:05:37Z","timestamp":1790723137523,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["328545488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["328545488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A07"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013110","name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin f\u00fcr Materialien und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013110","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-122980OB-C55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-122980OB-C55"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2024-157112OB-C52"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2024-157112OB-C52"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNS2023-144681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS2023-144681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012818","name":"Comunidad de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIPF-2023\/TEC-29997"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIPF-2023\/TEC-29997"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.aps.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phys. Rev. B"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The tremendous interest in the technology and underlying physics of all-optical switching of magnetization brings up the question of how fast the switching can occur and how high the frequency of writing the data with ultrafast laser pulses can be. To answer this question, we excited a GdFe ferrimagnetic alloy, the magnetization of which can be reversed by single laser pulses, a phenomenon known as toggle switching, by two pulses with a certain time delay in between. Using photoemission electron microscopy and Kerr microscopy for magnetic domain imaging, we explore the effects of varying fluences of the first and second pulse as well as the time delay between the two pulses. Our results show that when the fluence of the first pulse is adjusted just above the threshold of single-pulse switching, a second pulse with about\n                    <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <a:mrow>\n                        <a:mn>60<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mspace width=\"0.16em\"\/>\n                        <a:mo>%<\/a:mo>\n                      <\/a:mrow>\n                    <\/a:math>\n                    of the fluence of the first pulse, arriving only\n                    <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <c:mrow>\n                        <c:mn>3<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mspace width=\"0.16em\"\/>\n                        <c:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/c:mi>\n                      <\/c:mrow>\n                    <\/c:math>\n                    later, switches the magnetization back. This reswitching persists up to about\n                    <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <g:mrow>\n                        <g:mn>40<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mspace width=\"0.16em\"\/>\n                        <g:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/g:mi>\n                      <\/g:mrow>\n                    <\/g:math>\n                    pulse separation. We interpret the latter as the time required for the sample to cool down and remagnetize after the first pulse. For shorter time delays below about\n                    <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <k:mrow>\n                        <k:mn>2<\/k:mn>\n                        <k:mspace width=\"0.16em\"\/>\n                        <k:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/k:mi>\n                      <\/k:mrow>\n                    <\/k:math>\n                    , no reswitching occurs. However, the effect of the two pulses adds up, enabling switching for fluences of both pulses below the threshold for single-pulse switching. Atomistic spin dynamics simulations are used to model the experimental data, successfully confirming our results.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1103\/h8j7-4f2z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T13:52:50Z","timestamp":1759845170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["All-optical magnetization switching of GdFe by double-pulse laser excitation"],"prefix":"10.1103","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9124-008X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rahil","family":"Hosseinifar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046ak2485","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Steinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03jbf6q27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Max-Born-Institut f\u00fcr Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-0604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ivar","family":"Kumberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046ak2485","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7971-9944","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Lend\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfc7t72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CSIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4879-5650","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Thakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046ak2485","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6045-574X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sebastien E.","family":"Hadjadj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046ak2485","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4321-8133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jendrik","family":"G\u00f6rdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046ak2485","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4709-6168","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chowdhury S.","family":"Awsaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046ak2485","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Fix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p14d497","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Augsburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0795-8487","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manfred","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p14d497","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Augsburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6048-480X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Florian","family":"Kronast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02aj13c28","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin f\u00fcr Materialien und Energie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2871-5644","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Unai","family":"Atxitia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02gfc7t72","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CSIC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-3489","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clemens","family":"von Korff Schmising","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03jbf6q27","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Max-Born-Institut f\u00fcr Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5764-4574","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Kuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/046ak2485","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc1R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2020.01.004","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc2R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.82.2731","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc3R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.99.047601","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc4R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09901","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc5R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1666","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc6R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202200613","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc7R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0161322","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc8R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18340-9","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc9R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-020-00451-z","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc10R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0080351","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc11R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17815\/jlsrf-2-86","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc12R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0060091","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc13R1","unstructured":"See Supplemental Material at http:\/\/link.aps.org\/supplemental\/10.1103\/h8j7-4f2z for additional details, which includes Refs.   [14, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33].","type":"other"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc14R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.99.214404","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc15R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.21.044003","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc16R1","unstructured":"No such interference pattern was observed in the PEEM experiments since the two pump pulses arrived at virtually the same angle to the sample.","type":"other"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc17R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.129.037203","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc18R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.106.134414","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc20R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.104422","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc21R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5044272","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc22R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S2010324715500046","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc23R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2024.171824","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc24R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.89.224421","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc25R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0168770","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc26R1","unstructured":"D. Lawrenz, Ultraschnelle Magnetisierungsdynamik Ferromagnetischer Schichtsysteme, Ph.D. thesis, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 2024.","type":"other"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc27R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17095652","type":"dataset"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc28R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.29.001952","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc29R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.92.094411","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc30R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03262","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc31R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.77.075133","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc32R1","unstructured":"T. Zhou, Coupled Interactions of Multiple Laser Beam and Novel Surface Ablation Phenomena Through Spatial Light Modulation, Ph.D. thesis, The University of Liverpool, 2021, p. 127.","type":"other"},{"key":"h8j7-4f2zCc33R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c00129","type":"journal-article"}],"container-title":["Physical Review B"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.aps.org\/article\/10.1103\/h8j7-4f2z","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/harvest.aps.org\/v2\/journals\/articles\/10.1103\/h8j7-4f2z\/fulltext","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:19:49Z","timestamp":1790720389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.aps.org\/doi\/10.1103\/h8j7-4f2z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/h8j7-4f2z","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.48550\/arXiv.2506.10450","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2469-9950","2469-9969"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2469-9950","type":"print"},{"value":"2469-9969","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-12","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"Published by the American Physical Society. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright_statement","label":"Copyright statement","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}},{"value":"2025","name":"copyright_year","label":"Copyright year","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}},{"value":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","name":"creative_commons_license","label":"Creative Commons license","group":{"name":"licenses","label":"Licenses"}},{"value":"\u00a92025 The authors","name":"copyright_holder","label":"Copyright holder","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}}],"article-number":"174406"}}