{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:22:57Z","timestamp":1790774577235,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PE0000023-NQSTI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000023-NQSTI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021856","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022LP5K7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LP5K7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"W\u00fcrzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence on Complexity and Topology in Quantum Matter","award":["390858490"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390858490"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.aps.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phys. Rev. Lett."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Superconducting diodes that support nonreciprocal supercurrent flow in principle constitute attractive, nondissipative, circuit elements for superconducting electronics. But their realization faces fundamental challenges, as conventional Josephson tunnel junctions are inherently reciprocal. The so far existing approaches to break the reciprocity typically involve magnetism or spin-orbit coupling, which often increase the device complexity and limit the reproducibility. Here, we demonstrate an alternative dynamical route to supercurrent nonreciprocity based on parametric driving. By applying a frequency-modulated supercurrent amplitude, we show that effective higher-order, nonharmonic terms are generated in the current-phase relation. Leveraging strong mathematical similarities with the Kapitza pendulum, we show that these terms dynamically break the reciprocity. This establishes the concept of a Kapitza supercurrent diode and demonstrates that nonreciprocal superconducting transport can be engineered by a nonequilibrium driving the conventional Josephson tunnel junctions. We propose two implementations of such a Kapitza supercurrent diode\u2014via gate-controlled superconducting interferometers or flux-driven double-loop SQUIDs\u2014to achieve nonreciprocal supercurrent transport within experimentally accessible frequencies\n                    <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <a:mrow>\n                        <a:mi>\u03c9<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>\/<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>2<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mi>\u03c0<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>\u223c<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>1<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:mrow>\n                    <\/a:math>\n                    to 10\u00a0GHz.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1103\/jn4z-j1ll","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:55:35Z","timestamp":1782482135000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Kapitza Pendulum Route to Supercurrent Tunnel Diodes"],"prefix":"10.1103","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6026-5700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yuriy","family":"Yerin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de F\u00edsica de Materiales (CFM-MPC)"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04zb59n70","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute for Theoretical Solid State 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ct.qmat"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7325-8331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mario","family":"Cuoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00p03yg71","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"CNR-SPIN"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03aydme10","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universit\u00e1 di 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Anisotropy and Multiband Effects","author":"I. Askerzade","year":"2012"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc53R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4916071","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc54R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192862709.001.0001","type":"book","volume-title":"Classical and Quantum Parametric Phenomena","author":"A. Eichler","year":"2023"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc55R1","first-page":"588","type":"journal-article","volume":"21","author":"P.\u2009L. Kapitza","year":"1951","journal-title":"Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz.","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0038-5646","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc56R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3367\/UFNr.0044.195105b.0007","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc57R1","unstructured":"The Kapitza pendulum is an inverted pendulum stabilized by rapid vertical oscillations of its pivot, whose slow dynamics is described by an effective time-averaged potential. The stabilization effect was first noted by Stephenson in 1908\u00a0[58], while Kapitza\u2019s 1951 work established the standard averaging-based description\u00a0[55, 56].","type":"other"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc58R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786440809463763","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc59R1","unstructured":"See Supplemental Material at http:\/\/link.aps.org\/supplemental\/10.1103\/jn4z-j1ll for the reduction of the single- and double-loop SQUID to an effective parametrically driven pendulum equation, the detailed Kapitza averaging with ac current, the Floquet-Magnus derivation of the effective second Josephson harmonic in the quantum limit, and the numerical protocol used to compute the current-voltage characteristics and extract the diode efficiency.","type":"other"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc60R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/122\/37001","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc61R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.105.094421","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc62R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0095009","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc63R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.6.023162","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc64R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0222371","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc65R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b02209","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc66R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.14.034041","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc67R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.5129364","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc68R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.18.L031001","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc69R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0211562","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"jn4z-j1llCc71R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.76.411","type":"journal-article"}],"container-title":["Physical Review Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.aps.org\/article\/10.1103\/jn4z-j1ll","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/harvest.aps.org\/v2\/journals\/articles\/10.1103\/jn4z-j1ll\/fulltext","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T15:01:01Z","timestamp":1785250861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.aps.org\/doi\/10.1103\/jn4z-j1ll"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/jn4z-j1ll","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.48550\/arXiv.2602.24198","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0031-9007","1079-7114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9007","type":"print"},{"value":"1079-7114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-04","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"Published by the American Physical Society. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright_statement","label":"Copyright statement","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}},{"value":"2026","name":"copyright_year","label":"Copyright year","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}},{"value":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","name":"creative_commons_license","label":"Creative Commons license","group":{"name":"licenses","label":"Licenses"}},{"value":"\u00a92026 The authors","name":"copyright_holder","label":"Copyright holder","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}}],"article-number":"056002"}}