{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:25:22Z","timestamp":1792455922674,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VI.Veni.212.223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VI.Veni.212.223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000183","name":"Army Research Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911NF-23-1-0110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911NF-23-1-0110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.aps.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phys. Rev. Lett."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    All-electrical baseband control of qubits facilitates scaling up quantum processors by removing issues of crosstalk and heat generation. In semiconductor quantum dots, this is enabled by multispin qubit encodings, such as the exchange-only qubit. However, their performance is limited by unavoidable leakage states that are energetically close to the computational subspace. In this Letter, we introduce an alternative, scalable spin qubit architecture that leverages strong spin-orbit interactions of hole nanostructures for baseband qubit operations while completely eliminating leakage channels and reducing the overall gate overhead. This encoding is intrinsically robust to local variability in hole spin properties and operates with two degenerate states, removing the need for precise calibration and mitigating heat generation from fast signal sources. Finally, our architecture is fully compatible with current technology, utilizing the same initialization, readout, and multiqubit protocols of state-of-the-art spin-\n                    <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <a:mrow>\n                        <a:mn>1<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mo>\/<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>2<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:mrow>\n                    <\/a:math>\n                    systems. By addressing critical scalability challenges, our design offers a robust and scalable pathway for semiconductor spin qubit technologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1103\/mvtj-zhrl","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T13:11:32Z","timestamp":1757423492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gapless Single-Spin Qubit"],"prefix":"10.1103","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9775-0323","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Rimbach-Russ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wf30j82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"QuTech"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e2c7k09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Delft University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5157-8932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valentin","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wf30j82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"QuTech"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e2c7k09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Delft University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2113-8523","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barnaby","family":"van Straaten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wf30j82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"QuTech"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e2c7k09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Delft University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4035-9654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefano","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wf30j82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"QuTech"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02e2c7k09","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Delft University of Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc1R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM13553.2020.9371956","type":"conference-proceedings","volume-title":"2020 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM)","author":"R. 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remark, that artificial spin-orbit interaction through micromagnets, nanomagnets, or magnetic textures can also be used instead [60].","type":"other"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc60R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c05037","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc61R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139034807","type":"book","volume-title":"Quantum Error Correction","author":"D. 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Abragam","year":"2012","type":"book"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc68R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.104.115425","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc69R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.107.L161406","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc70R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.131.097002","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc71R1","unstructured":"See Supplementary Material at http:\/\/link.aps.org\/supplemental\/10.1103\/mvtj-zhrl for which we report complete expressions for the effective qubit Hamiltonian including locally-varying quantum dot parameters, and the complete form of the two-qubit time-evolution operator and fildeilty discussed in the main text.","type":"other"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc72R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.99.115317","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc73R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.045305","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc74R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.106.235426","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc75R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.103.125201","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc76R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c17395","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc77R1","unstructured":"A value of \u03b7h=0.42 was reported in Ref.\u00a0[78] assuming symmetric biaxial strain.","type":"other"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc78R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.106.235426","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc79R1","unstructured":"Alternatively, rotations around the \u03c3x\u00b1\u03c3y-axes can be achieved by the condition \u27e8py2\u27e9(\u03b22\u03bb\u2212\u03bb\u2032)=(\u03b22\u03bb\u2032\u2212\u03bb)\u27e8px2\u27e9 with \u03b2=By\/Bx.","type":"other"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc80R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.116801","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc81R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.13.054018","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc82R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.67.042308","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc83R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2023.07.004","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc84R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.109.045438","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc85R1","unstructured":"The average gate fidelity is defined as F=[1\/d(d+1)](Tr[(UsimUideal\u2020)(UsimUideal\u2020)\u2020]+|Tr[(UsimUideal\u2020)]|2), where Usim and Uideal are the simulated and ideal unitary matrix, respectively, and d=2 for single-qubit and d=4 for two-qubit operations.","type":"other"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc86R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sse.2024.108883","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc87R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.84.062311","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc88R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2364(90)90331-3","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc89R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.85.085206","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc90R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.85.155204","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc91R1","unstructured":"We note that in this case dynamical decoupling is required to suppress the phase accumulations necessary for operating with a global clock.","type":"other"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc92R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202305703","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc93R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.80.041301","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc94R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.95.075305","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc95R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0083161","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc96R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0158262","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc98R1","unstructured":"For the case \u03b8SOI\u2260m\u03c0 with integer m the g tensor must be additionally tuned to compensate the additional rotation.","type":"other"},{"key":"mvtj-zhrlCc100R1","unstructured":"In practice, maintaining the condition byA=byB=0 during the readout process might be challenging. 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