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Rev. Lett."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The recently reported observation of VFTS 243 is the first example of a massive black-hole binary system with negligible binary interaction following black-hole formation. The black-hole mass (\n                    <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <a:mo>\u2248<\/a:mo>\n                      <a:mn>10<\/a:mn>\n                      <a:msub>\n                        <a:mi>M<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2299<\/a:mo>\n                      <\/a:msub>\n                    <\/a:math>\n                    ) and near-circular orbit (\n                    <d:math xmlns:d=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <d:mi>e<\/d:mi>\n                      <d:mo>\u2248<\/d:mo>\n                      <d:mn>0.02<\/d:mn>\n                    <\/d:math>\n                    ) of VFTS 243 suggest that the progenitor star experienced complete collapse, with energy-momentum being lost predominantly through neutrinos. VFTS 243 enables us to constrain the natal kick and neutrino-emission asymmetry during black-hole formation. At 68% confidence level, the natal kick velocity (mass decrement) is\n                    <f:math xmlns:f=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <f:mo>\u2272<\/f:mo>\n                      <f:mn>10<\/f:mn>\n                      <f:mtext>\u2009<\/f:mtext>\n                      <f:mtext>\u2009<\/f:mtext>\n                      <f:mi>km<\/f:mi>\n                      <f:mo>\/<\/f:mo>\n                      <f:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/f:mi>\n                    <\/f:math>\n                    (\n                    <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <i:mrow>\n                        <i:mo>\u2272<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>1.0<\/i:mn>\n                        <i:msub>\n                          <i:mrow>\n                            <i:mi>M<\/i:mi>\n                          <\/i:mrow>\n                          <i:mrow>\n                            <i:mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2299<\/i:mo>\n                          <\/i:mrow>\n                        <\/i:msub>\n                      <\/i:mrow>\n                    <\/i:math>\n                    ), with a full probability distribution that peaks when\n                    <l:math xmlns:l=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <l:mrow>\n                        <l:mo>\u2248<\/l:mo>\n                        <l:mn>0.3<\/l:mn>\n                        <l:msub>\n                          <l:mrow>\n                            <l:mi>M<\/l:mi>\n                          <\/l:mrow>\n                          <l:mrow>\n                            <l:mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2299<\/l:mo>\n                          <\/l:mrow>\n                        <\/l:msub>\n                      <\/l:mrow>\n                    <\/l:math>\n                    were ejected, presumably in neutrinos, and the black hole experienced a natal kick of\n                    <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <o:mrow>\n                        <o:mn>4<\/o:mn>\n                        <o:mtext>\u2009<\/o:mtext>\n                        <o:mtext>\u2009<\/o:mtext>\n                        <o:mi>km<\/o:mi>\n                        <o:mo>\/<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/o:mi>\n                      <\/o:mrow>\n                    <\/o:math>\n                    . The neutrino-emission asymmetry is\n                    <r:math xmlns:r=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <r:mo>\u2272<\/r:mo>\n                      <r:mn>4<\/r:mn>\n                      <r:mo>%<\/r:mo>\n                    <\/r:math>\n                    , with best fit values of\n                    <t:math xmlns:t=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <t:mrow>\n                        <t:mo>\u223c<\/t:mo>\n                        <t:mn>0<\/t:mn>\n                        <t:mi>\u2013<\/t:mi>\n                        <t:mn>0.2<\/t:mn>\n                        <t:mo>%<\/t:mo>\n                      <\/t:mrow>\n                    <\/t:math>\n                    . Such a small neutrino natal kick accompanying black-hole formation is in agreement with theoretical predictions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:supplementary-material>\n                      <jats:permissions>\n                        <jats:copyright-statement>Published by the American Physical Society<\/jats:copyright-statement>\n                        <jats:copyright-year>2024<\/jats:copyright-year>\n                      <\/jats:permissions>\n                    <\/jats:supplementary-material>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.132.191403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T12:18:48Z","timestamp":1715257128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 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