{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:57:02Z","timestamp":1790715422187,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJFS2136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJFS2136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.aps.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phys. Rev. Lett."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The type IIB matrix model is conjectured to describe superstring theory nonperturbatively in terms of ten\n                    <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <a:mi>N<\/a:mi>\n                      <a:mo>\u00d7<\/a:mo>\n                      <a:mi>N<\/a:mi>\n                    <\/a:math>\n                    bosonic traceless Hermitian matrices\n                    <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <c:msub>\n                        <c:mi>A<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mi>\u03bc<\/c:mi>\n                      <\/c:msub>\n                    <\/c:math>\n                    (\n                    <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <e:mi>\u03bc<\/e:mi>\n                      <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                      <e:mn>0<\/e:mn>\n                      <e:mo>,<\/e:mo>\n                      <e:mo>\u2026<\/e:mo>\n                      <e:mo>,<\/e:mo>\n                      <e:mn>9<\/e:mn>\n                    <\/e:math>\n                    ), whose eigenvalues correspond to (\n                    <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <g:mrow>\n                        <g:mn>9<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mo>+<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>1<\/g:mn>\n                      <\/g:mrow>\n                    <\/g:math>\n                    )-dimensional space-time. Quite often, this model has been investigated in its Euclidean version, which is well defined although the\n                    <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <i:mrow>\n                        <i:mi>SO<\/i:mi>\n                      <\/i:mrow>\n                      <i:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/i:mo>\n                      <i:mn>9<\/i:mn>\n                      <i:mo>,<\/i:mo>\n                      <i:mn>1<\/i:mn>\n                      <i:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/i:mo>\n                    <\/i:math>\n                    Lorentz symmetry of the original model is replaced by the\n                    <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <m:mrow>\n                        <m:mrow>\n                          <m:mi>SO<\/m:mi>\n                        <\/m:mrow>\n                        <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>10<\/m:mn>\n                        <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/m:mo>\n                      <\/m:mrow>\n                    <\/m:math>\n                    rotational symmetry. Recently, a well-defined model respecting the Lorentz symmetry has been proposed by \u201cgauge-fixing\u201d the Lorentz symmetry nonperturbatively using the Faddeev-Popov procedure. Here we investigate the two models by Monte\u00a0Carlo simulations overcoming the severe sign problem by the Lefschetz thimble method, in the case of matrix size\n                    <q:math xmlns:q=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <q:mi>N<\/q:mi>\n                      <q:mo>=<\/q:mo>\n                      <q:mn>2<\/q:mn>\n                    <\/q:math>\n                    omitting fermionic contributions. We add a quadratic term\n                    <s:math xmlns:s=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <s:mrow>\n                        <s:mi>\u03b3<\/s:mi>\n                        <s:mi>tr<\/s:mi>\n                        <s:mo stretchy=\"false\">(<\/s:mo>\n                        <s:msub>\n                          <s:mrow>\n                            <s:mi>A<\/s:mi>\n                          <\/s:mrow>\n                          <s:mrow>\n                            <s:mi>\u03bc<\/s:mi>\n                          <\/s:mrow>\n                        <\/s:msub>\n                        <s:msup>\n                          <s:mrow>\n                            <s:mi>A<\/s:mi>\n                          <\/s:mrow>\n                          <s:mrow>\n                            <s:mi>\u03bc<\/s:mi>\n                          <\/s:mrow>\n                        <\/s:msup>\n                        <s:mo stretchy=\"false\">)<\/s:mo>\n                      <\/s:mrow>\n                    <\/s:math>\n                    in the action and calculate the expectation values of rotationally symmetric (or Lorentz symmetric) observables as a function of the coefficient\n                    <w:math xmlns:w=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <w:mi>\u03b3<\/w:mi>\n                    <\/w:math>\n                    . Our results exhibit striking differences between the two models around\n                    <y:math xmlns:y=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <y:mi>\u03b3<\/y:mi>\n                      <y:mo>=<\/y:mo>\n                      <y:mn>0<\/y:mn>\n                    <\/y:math>\n                    and in the\n                    <ab:math xmlns:ab=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\">\n                      <ab:mi>\u03b3<\/ab:mi>\n                      <ab:mo>&gt;<\/ab:mo>\n                      <ab:mn>0<\/ab:mn>\n                    <\/ab:math>\n                    region associated with the appearance of different saddle points, clearly demonstrating their inequivalence against naive expectations from quantum field theory.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevlett.134.211601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T12:20:15Z","timestamp":1748348415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Inequivalence between the Euclidean and Lorentzian Versions of the Type IIB Matrix Model from Lefschetz Thimble Calculations"],"prefix":"10.1103","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9243-3281","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chien-Yu","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nwp9g54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0516ah480","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3232-538X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nwp9g54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0516ah480","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1687-109X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00nwp9g54","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0516ah480","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc1R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0550-3213(97)00290-3","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc2R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-2693(98)00557-7","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc3R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1126-6708\/2001\/04\/019","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc4R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/PTP.99.713","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc5R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP10(2011)135","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc6R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP06(2020)069","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc7R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1126-6708\/2000\/04\/015","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc8R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.4664","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc9R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjs\/s11734-023-00849-x","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc10R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.86.027901","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc11R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP10(2012)147","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc12R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP02(2018)033","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc13R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2018.05.011","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc14R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptep\/ptaa042","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc15R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP07(2019)010","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc16R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2022.136946","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc17R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.011601","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc18R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22323\/1.463.0257","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc20R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6382\/accef5","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc21R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.134.041603","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc22R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1090\/amsip\/050\/19","type":"journal-article","volume":"50","author":"E. Witten","year":"2011","journal-title":"AMS\/IP Stud. Adv. Math."},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc23R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.86.074506","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc24R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.88.051501","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc25R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP10(2013)147","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc26R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP05(2016)053","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc29R1","unstructured":"Y. Asano, J. Nishimura, W. Piensuk, and N. Yamamori (to be published).","type":"other"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc30R1","unstructured":"C.-Y. Chou, J. Nishimura, and A. Tripathi (to be published).","type":"other"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc31R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1126-6708\/2002\/08\/022","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc32R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22323\/1.430.0213","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc33R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-0289-3","type":"journal-article"},{"key":"PhysRevLett.134.211601Cc34R1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP03(2025)060","type":"journal-article"}],"container-title":["Physical Review Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.aps.org\/article\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.134.211601","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/harvest.aps.org\/v2\/journals\/articles\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.134.211601\/fulltext","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:57:41Z","timestamp":1790711861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.aps.org\/doi\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.134.211601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/physrevlett.134.211601","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.48550\/arXiv.2501.17798","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0031-9007","1079-7114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9007","type":"print"},{"value":"1079-7114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-06","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"Published by the American Physical Society. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright_statement","label":"Copyright statement","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}},{"value":"2025","name":"copyright_year","label":"Copyright year","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}},{"value":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","name":"creative_commons_license","label":"Creative Commons license","group":{"name":"licenses","label":"Licenses"}},{"value":"\u00a92025 The authors","name":"copyright_holder","label":"Copyright holder","group":{"name":"copyright","label":"copyright"}}],"article-number":"211601"}}