{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:45:38Z","timestamp":1793058338004,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"American Physical Society (APS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-11-EQPX-0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-EQPX-0039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019125","name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031278","name":"Department for Science, Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3908379.67"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3908379.67"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.aps.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Phys. Rev. Research"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Optical clocks have achieved remarkable estimated fractional frequency uncertainties reaching the\n                    <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <a:msup>\n                        <a:mn>10<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mrow>\n                          <a:mo>\u2212<\/a:mo>\n                          <a:mn>18<\/a:mn>\n                        <\/a:mrow>\n                      <\/a:msup>\n                    <\/a:math>\n                    level and below, enabling applications in fundamental physics, general relativity, and geodesy. However, the challenge of verifying the international consistency of optical clocks remains critical as efforts intensify toward redefining the SI second based on an optical transition or transitions. We report on a two-month international clock comparison campaign involving seven optical clocks in four national metrology institutes (INRIM, LNE-OP, NPL, and PTB) connected via the optical fiber network established in Europe. The campaign resulted in optical frequency ratios with uncertainties ranging from\n                    <b:math xmlns:b=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <b:mrow>\n                        <b:mn>7.7<\/b:mn>\n                        <b:mo>\u00d7<\/b:mo>\n                        <b:msup>\n                          <b:mn>10<\/b:mn>\n                          <b:mrow>\n                            <b:mo>\u2212<\/b:mo>\n                            <b:mn>18<\/b:mn>\n                          <\/b:mrow>\n                        <\/b:msup>\n                      <\/b:mrow>\n                    <\/b:math>\n                    to\n                    <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <c:mrow>\n                        <c:mn>6.1<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mo>\u00d7<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:msup>\n                          <c:mn>10<\/c:mn>\n                          <c:mrow>\n                            <c:mo>\u2212<\/c:mo>\n                            <c:mn>17<\/c:mn>\n                          <\/c:mrow>\n                        <\/c:msup>\n                      <\/c:mrow>\n                    <\/c:math>\n                    . Among the results, the\n                    <d:math xmlns:d=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <d:mrow>\n                        <d:mmultiscripts>\n                          <d:mi>Yb<\/d:mi>\n                          <d:none\/>\n                          <d:mo>+<\/d:mo>\n                          <d:mprescripts\/>\n                          <d:none\/>\n                          <d:mn>171<\/d:mn>\n                        <\/d:mmultiscripts>\n                        <d:mo>(<\/d:mo>\n                        <d:mrow>\n                          <d:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">E<\/d:mi>\n                          <d:mn>3<\/d:mn>\n                        <\/d:mrow>\n                        <d:mo>)<\/d:mo>\n                      <\/d:mrow>\n                    <\/d:math>\n                    clocks at NPL and PTB demonstrated agreement within an uncertainty of\n                    <f:math xmlns:f=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <f:mrow>\n                        <f:mn>7.7<\/f:mn>\n                        <f:mo>\u00d7<\/f:mo>\n                        <f:msup>\n                          <f:mn>10<\/f:mn>\n                          <f:mrow>\n                            <f:mo>\u2212<\/f:mo>\n                            <f:mn>18<\/f:mn>\n                          <\/f:mrow>\n                        <\/f:msup>\n                      <\/f:mrow>\n                    <\/f:math>\n                    , marking the first international verification of two independently developed optical clocks below one part in\n                    <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <g:msup>\n                        <g:mn>10<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mn>17<\/g:mn>\n                      <\/g:msup>\n                    <\/g:math>\n                    . The operation of the\n                    <h:math xmlns:h=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <h:mmultiscripts>\n                        <h:mi>Hg<\/h:mi>\n                        <h:mprescripts\/>\n                        <h:none\/>\n                        <h:mn>199<\/h:mn>\n                      <\/h:mmultiscripts>\n                    <\/h:math>\n                    clock at LNE-OP (formerly LNE-SYRTE) resulted in frequency ratios with improved uncertainties with\n                    <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <i:mrow>\n                        <i:mmultiscripts>\n                          <i:mi>Yb<\/i:mi>\n                          <i:none\/>\n                          <i:mo>+<\/i:mo>\n                          <i:mprescripts\/>\n                          <i:none\/>\n                          <i:mn>171<\/i:mn>\n                        <\/i:mmultiscripts>\n                        <i:mo>(<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mrow>\n                          <i:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">E<\/i:mi>\n                          <i:mn>3<\/i:mn>\n                        <\/i:mrow>\n                        <i:mo>)<\/i:mo>\n                      <\/i:mrow>\n                      <i:mo>,<\/i:mo>\n                      <i:mo>\u00a0<\/i:mo>\n                      <i:mmultiscripts>\n                        <i:mi>Yb<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mprescripts\/>\n                        <i:none\/>\n                        <i:mn>171<\/i:mn>\n                      <\/i:mmultiscripts>\n                    <\/i:math>\n                    , and\n                    <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                      <k:mmultiscripts>\n                        <k:mi>Sr<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mprescripts\/>\n                        <k:none\/>\n                        <k:mn>87<\/k:mn>\n                      <\/k:mmultiscripts>\n                    <\/k:math>\n                    optical clocks. These results provide input for the redefinition of the second and underscore how fiber-linked clock networks can advance metrology and scientific applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1103\/l4bh-ryxs","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:19:27Z","timestamp":1783613967000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["International optical clock comparison using the European optical fiber network"],"prefix":"10.1103","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2353-362X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marco","family":"Pizzocaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vn1bh77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica 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