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A modified bacterial \u03b3-glutamylcysteine synthetase (ECS) gene, S1pt\u2237ECS, was expressed in the shoots of the ECS-deficient, heavy-metal-sensitive cad2-1 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). S1pt\u2237ECS directed strong ECS protein expression in the shoots, but no ECS was detected in the roots of transgenic plant lines. The S1pt\u2237ECS gene restored full mercury tolerance and partial cadmium tolerance to the mutant and enhanced arsenate tolerance significantly beyond wild-type levels. After arsenic treatment, the root concentrations of \u03b3-glutamylcysteine (EC), PC2, and PC3 peptides in a S1pt\u2237ECS-complemented cad2-1 line increased 6- to 100-fold over the mutant levels and were equivalent to wild-type concentrations. The shoot and root levels of glutathione were 2- to 5-fold above those in wild-type plants, with or without treatment with toxicants. Thus, EC and perhaps glutathione are efficiently transported from shoots to roots. The possibility that EC or other PC pathway intermediates may act as carriers for the long-distance phloem transport and subsequent redistribution of thiol-reactive toxins and nutrients in plants is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.105.074815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,1]],"date-time":"2006-04-01T01:25:24Z","timestamp":1143854724000},"page":"288-298","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["The Shoot-Specific Expression of <i>\u03b3<\/i>-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase Directs the Long-Distance Transport of Thiol-Peptides to Roots Conferring Tolerance to Mercury and Arsenic"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Yujing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602\u20137223 (Y.L., O.P.D., A.P.S., R.B.M.); and Applied PhytoGenetics, Athens, Georgia 30602 (L.C.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Om Parkash","family":"Dankher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602\u20137223 (Y.L., O.P.D., A.P.S., R.B.M.); and Applied PhytoGenetics, Athens, Georgia 30602 (L.C.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602\u20137223 (Y.L., O.P.D., A.P.S., R.B.M.); and Applied PhytoGenetics, Athens, Georgia 30602 (L.C.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron P.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602\u20137223 (Y.L., O.P.D., A.P.S., R.B.M.); and Applied PhytoGenetics, Athens, Georgia 30602 (L.C.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Meagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602\u20137223 (Y.L., O.P.D., A.P.S., R.B.M.); and Applied PhytoGenetics, Athens, Georgia 30602 (L.C.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021050611493601900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ball L, Accotto GP, Bechtold U, Creissen G, Funck D, Jimenez A, Kular B, Leyland N, Mejia-Carranza J, Reynolds H, et al (2004) Evidence for a direct link between glutathione biosynthesis and stress defense gene expression in Arabidopsis. 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