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The aim of this work was to provide a comprehensive model, based on oxidative signaling by reactive oxygen species (ROS), for explaining the cellular mode of action of HCN in dormancy alleviation. Beneficial HCN effect on germination of dormant embryos is associated with a marked increase in hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion generation in the embryonic axes. It is mimicked by the ROS-generating compounds methylviologen and menadione but suppressed by ROS scavengers. This increase results from an inhibition of catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and also involves activation of NADPH oxidase. However, it is not related to lipid reserve degradation or gluconeogenesis and not associated with marked changes in the cellular redox status controlled by the glutathione\/glutathione disulfide couple. The expression of genes related to ROS production (NADPHox, POX, AO1, and AO2) and signaling (MAPK6, Ser\/ThrPK, CaM, and PTP) is differentially affected by dormancy alleviation either during after-ripening or by HCN treatment, and the effect of cyanide on gene expression is likely to be mediated by ROS. It is also demonstrated that HCN and ROS both activate similarly ERF1, a component of the ethylene signaling pathway. We propose that ROS play a key role in the control of sunflower seed germination and are second messengers of cyanide in seed dormancy release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.138107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,30]],"date-time":"2009-03-30T16:16:42Z","timestamp":1238429802000},"page":"494-505","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":302,"title":["The Mechanisms Involved in Seed Dormancy Alleviation by Hydrogen Cyanide Unravel the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species as Key Factors of Cellular Signaling during Germination \u00a0"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Oracz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Univ Paris 06, Unite\u0301 de Recherche 5, Germination et Dormance des Semences, Site d'Ivry, F\u201375005 Paris, France (K.O., H.E.-M.-B., F.C., C.B.); Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02\u2013776 Warsaw, Poland (K.O., R.B.); and Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom (I.K.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayat","family":"El-Maarouf-Bouteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Univ Paris 06, Unite\u0301 de Recherche 5, Germination et Dormance des Semences, Site d'Ivry, F\u201375005 Paris, France (K.O., H.E.-M.-B., F.C., C.B.); Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02\u2013776 Warsaw, Poland (K.O., R.B.); and Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom (I.K.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Kranner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Univ Paris 06, Unite\u0301 de Recherche 5, Germination et Dormance des Semences, Site d'Ivry, F\u201375005 Paris, France (K.O., H.E.-M.-B., F.C., C.B.); Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02\u2013776 Warsaw, Poland (K.O., R.B.); and Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom (I.K.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Bogatek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Univ Paris 06, Unite\u0301 de Recherche 5, Germination et Dormance des Semences, Site d'Ivry, F\u201375005 Paris, France (K.O., H.E.-M.-B., F.C., C.B.); Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02\u2013776 Warsaw, Poland (K.O., R.B.); and Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom (I.K.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franc\u0327oise","family":"Corbineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Univ Paris 06, Unite\u0301 de Recherche 5, Germination et Dormance des Semences, Site d'Ivry, F\u201375005 Paris, France (K.O., H.E.-M.-B., F.C., C.B.); Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02\u2013776 Warsaw, Poland (K.O., R.B.); and Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom (I.K.)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UPMC Univ Paris 06, Unite\u0301 de Recherche 5, Germination et Dormance des Semences, Site d'Ivry, F\u201375005 Paris, France (K.O., H.E.-M.-B., F.C., C.B.); Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02\u2013776 Warsaw, Poland (K.O., R.B.); and Seed Conservation Department, Royal Botanic Gardens, Wakehurst Place, West Sussex RH17 6TN, United Kingdom 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