{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:38:45Z","timestamp":1790026725293,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,22]],"date-time":"2011-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Leaves of avocado (Persea americana) that develop and persist in deep shade canopies have very low rates of photosynthesis but contain high concentrations of lutein epoxide (Lx) that are partially deepoxidized to lutein (L) after 1 h of exposure to 120 to 350 \u03bcmol photons m\u22122 s\u22121, increasing the total L pool by 5% to 10% (\u018aL). Deepoxidation of Lx to L was near stoichiometric and similar in kinetics to deepoxidation of violaxanthin (V) to antheraxanthin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z). Although the V pool was restored by epoxidation of A and Z overnight, the Lx pool was not. Depending on leaf age and pretreatment, the pool of \u018aL persisted for up to 72 h in the dark. Metabolism of \u018aL did not involve epoxidation to Lx. These contrasting kinetics enabled us to differentiate three states of the capacity for nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (NPQ) in attached and detached leaves: \u018apH dependent (NPQ\u018apH) before deepoxidation; after deepoxidation in the presence of \u018aL, A, and Z (NPQ\u018aLAZ); and after epoxidation of A+Z but with residual \u018aL (NPQ\u018aL). The capacity of both NPQ\u018aLAZ and NPQ\u018aL was similar and 45% larger than NPQ\u018apH, but dark relaxation of NPQ\u018aLAZ was slower. The enhanced capacity for NPQ was lost after metabolism of \u018aL. The near equivalence of NPQ\u018aLAZ and NPQ\u018aL provides compelling evidence that the small dynamic pool \u018aL replaces A+Z in avocado to \u201clock in\u201d enhanced NPQ. The results are discussed in relation to data obtained with other Lx-rich species and in mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with increased L pools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.173369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,23]],"date-time":"2011-03-23T02:51:01Z","timestamp":1300848661000},"page":"393-403","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Lutein from Deepoxidation of Lutein Epoxide Replaces Zeaxanthin to Sustain an Enhanced Capacity for Nonphotochemical Chlorophyll Fluorescence Quenching in Avocado Shade Leaves in the Dark"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"156","author":[{"given":"Britta","family":"F\u00f6rster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences Division (B.F., C.B.O.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (B.J.P.), Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry James","family":"Pogson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences Division (B.F., C.B.O.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (B.J.P.), Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Barry","family":"Osmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Sciences Division (B.F., C.B.O.) and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology (B.J.P.), Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, 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