{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:54:23Z","timestamp":1793033663259,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3388,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phytoalexin-deficient mutant pad2-1 displays enhanced susceptibility to a broad range of pathogens and herbivorous insects that correlates with deficiencies in the production of camalexin, indole glucosinolates, and salicylic acid (SA). The pad2-1 mutation is localized in the GLUTAMATE-CYSTEINE LIGASE (GCL) gene encoding the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis. While pad2-1 glutathione deficiency is not caused by a decrease in GCL transcripts, analysis of GCL protein level revealed that pad2-1 plants contained only 48% of the wild-type protein amount. In contrast to the wild type, the oxidized form of GCL was dominant in pad2-1, suggesting a distinct redox environment. This finding was corroborated by the expression of GRX1-roGFP2, showing that the cytosolic glutathione redox potential was significantly less negative in pad2-1. Analysis of oxidative stress-related gene expression showed a higher transcript accumulation in pad2-1 of GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE, GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE, and RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D in response to the oomycete Phytophthora brassicae. Interestingly, oligogalacturonide elicitation in pad2-1 revealed a lower plasma membrane depolarization that was found to act upstream of an impaired hydrogen peroxide production. This impaired hydrogen peroxide production was also observed during pathogen infection and correlated with a reduced hypersensitive response in pad2-1. In addition, a lack of pathogen-triggered expression of the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 gene, coding for the SA-biosynthetic enzyme isochorismate synthase, was identified as the cause of the SA deficiency in pad2-1. Together, our results indicate that the pad2-1 mutation is related to a decrease in GCL protein and that the resulting glutathione deficiency negatively affects important processes of disease resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.182667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,18]],"date-time":"2011-10-18T05:21:24Z","timestamp":1318915284000},"page":"2000-2012","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Glutathione Deficiency of the Arabidopsis Mutant <i>pad2-1<\/i> Affects Oxidative Stress-Related Events, Defense Gene Expression, and the Hypersensitive Response\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n\u00a0"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"157","author":[{"given":"Carole","family":"Dubreuil-Maurizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, UMR Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA UMR 1088, CNRS UMR 5184, F\u201321000 Dijon, France\u00a0(C.D.-M., J.V., P.F., D.W., B.P.); Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ\u201361265 Brno, Czech Republic (J.V.); Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Heidelberg University, D\u201369120 Heidelberg, Germany (L.M., A.J.M.); Department of Biology, University of Fri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Vitecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, UMR Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA UMR 1088, CNRS UMR 5184, F\u201321000 Dijon, France\u00a0(C.D.-M., J.V., P.F., D.W., B.P.); Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ\u201361265 Brno, Czech Republic (J.V.); Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Heidelberg University, D\u201369120 Heidelberg, Germany (L.M., A.J.M.); Department of Biology, University of Fri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Marty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, UMR Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA UMR 1088, CNRS UMR 5184, F\u201321000 Dijon, France\u00a0(C.D.-M., J.V., P.F., D.W., B.P.); Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ\u201361265 Brno, Czech Republic (J.V.); Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Heidelberg University, D\u201369120 Heidelberg, Germany (L.M., A.J.M.); Department of Biology, University of Fri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorelise","family":"Branciard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, UMR Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA UMR 1088, CNRS UMR 5184, F\u201321000 Dijon, France\u00a0(C.D.-M., J.V., P.F., D.W., B.P.); Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ\u201361265 Brno, Czech Republic (J.V.); Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Heidelberg University, D\u201369120 Heidelberg, Germany (L.M., A.J.M.); Department of Biology, University of Fri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Frettinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, UMR Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA UMR 1088, CNRS UMR 5184, F\u201321000 Dijon, France\u00a0(C.D.-M., J.V., P.F., D.W., B.P.); Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ\u201361265 Brno, Czech Republic (J.V.); Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Heidelberg University, D\u201369120 Heidelberg, Germany (L.M., A.J.M.); Department of Biology, University of Fri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wendehenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, UMR Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA UMR 1088, CNRS UMR 5184, F\u201321000 Dijon, France\u00a0(C.D.-M., J.V., P.F., D.W., B.P.); Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ\u201361265 Brno, Czech Republic (J.V.); Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Heidelberg University, D\u201369120 Heidelberg, Germany (L.M., A.J.M.); Department of Biology, University of Fri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas J.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, UMR Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA UMR 1088, CNRS UMR 5184, F\u201321000 Dijon, France\u00a0(C.D.-M., J.V., P.F., D.W., B.P.); Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ\u201361265 Brno, Czech Republic (J.V.); Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Heidelberg University, D\u201369120 Heidelberg, Germany (L.M., A.J.M.); Department of Biology, University of Fri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Mauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, UMR Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA UMR 1088, CNRS UMR 5184, F\u201321000 Dijon, France\u00a0(C.D.-M., J.V., P.F., D.W., B.P.); Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ\u201361265 Brno, Czech Republic (J.V.); Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Heidelberg University, D\u201369120 Heidelberg, Germany (L.M., A.J.M.); Department of Biology, University of Fri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Poinssot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Bourgogne, UMR Plante Microbe Environnement, INRA UMR 1088, CNRS UMR 5184, F\u201321000 Dijon, France\u00a0(C.D.-M., J.V., P.F., D.W., B.P.); Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ\u201361265 Brno, Czech Republic (J.V.); Heidelberg Institute for Plant Science, Heidelberg University, D\u201369120 Heidelberg, Germany (L.M., A.J.M.); Department of Biology, University of 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