{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:10:54Z","timestamp":1792123854896,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3261,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a unique class of plant steroid hormones that orchestrate myriad growth and developmental processes. Although BRs have long been known to protect plants from a suite of biotic and abiotic stresses, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is still rudimentary. Aiming to further decipher the molecular logic of BR-modulated immunity, we have examined the dynamics and impact of BRs during infection of rice (Oryza sativa) with the root oomycete Pythium graminicola. Challenging the prevailing view that BRs positively regulate plant innate immunity, we show that P. graminicola exploits BRs as virulence factors and hijacks the rice BR machinery to inflict disease. Moreover, we demonstrate that this immune-suppressive effect of BRs is due, at least in part, to negative cross talk with salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA) pathways. BR-mediated suppression of SA defenses occurred downstream of SA biosynthesis, but upstream of the master defense regulators NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 and OsWRKY45. In contrast, BR alleviated GA-directed immune responses by interfering at multiple levels with GA metabolism, resulting in indirect stabilization of the DELLA protein and central GA repressor SLENDER RICE1 (SLR1). Collectively, these data favor a model whereby P. graminicola coopts the plant BR pathway as a decoy to antagonize effectual SA- and GA-mediated defenses. Our results highlight the importance of BRs in modulating plant immunity and uncover pathogen-mediated manipulation of plant steroid homeostasis as a core virulence strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.193672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,22]],"date-time":"2012-02-22T03:22:55Z","timestamp":1329880975000},"page":"1833-1846","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":231,"title":["Brassinosteroids Antagonize Gibberellin- and Salicylate-Mediated Root Immunity in Rice\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n\u00a0"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"David","family":"De Vleesschauwer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, B\u20139000 Ghent, Belgium (D.D.V., E.V.B., M.H.); Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305\u20138602, Ibaraki, Japan (K.S., S.K.); Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division (J.B., I.-R.C., C.V.-C.) and Crop Research Informatics Laboratory (R.M.), International Rice Researc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelien","family":"Van Buyten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, B\u20139000 Ghent, Belgium (D.D.V., E.V.B., M.H.); Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305\u20138602, Ibaraki, Japan (K.S., S.K.); Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division (J.B., I.-R.C., C.V.-C.) and Crop Research Informatics Laboratory (R.M.), International Rice Researc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouji","family":"Satoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, B\u20139000 Ghent, Belgium (D.D.V., E.V.B., M.H.); Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305\u20138602, Ibaraki, Japan (K.S., S.K.); Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division (J.B., I.-R.C., C.V.-C.) and Crop Research Informatics Laboratory (R.M.), International Rice Researc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johny","family":"Balidion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, B\u20139000 Ghent, Belgium (D.D.V., E.V.B., M.H.); Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305\u20138602, Ibaraki, Japan (K.S., S.K.); Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division (J.B., I.-R.C., C.V.-C.) and Crop Research Informatics Laboratory (R.M.), International Rice Researc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramil","family":"Mauleon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, B\u20139000 Ghent, Belgium (D.D.V., E.V.B., M.H.); Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305\u20138602, Ibaraki, Japan (K.S., S.K.); Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division (J.B., I.-R.C., C.V.-C.) and Crop Research Informatics Laboratory (R.M.), International Rice Researc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il-Ryong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, B\u20139000 Ghent, Belgium (D.D.V., E.V.B., M.H.); Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305\u20138602, Ibaraki, Japan (K.S., S.K.); Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division (J.B., I.-R.C., C.V.-C.) and Crop Research Informatics Laboratory (R.M.), International Rice Researc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casiana","family":"Vera-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, B\u20139000 Ghent, Belgium (D.D.V., E.V.B., M.H.); Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305\u20138602, Ibaraki, Japan (K.S., S.K.); Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division (J.B., I.-R.C., C.V.-C.) and Crop Research Informatics Laboratory (R.M.), International Rice Researc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoshi","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, B\u20139000 Ghent, Belgium (D.D.V., E.V.B., M.H.); Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305\u20138602, Ibaraki, Japan (K.S., S.K.); Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division (J.B., I.-R.C., C.V.-C.) and Crop Research Informatics Laboratory (R.M.), International Rice Researc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"H\u00f6fte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Phytopathology, Ghent University, B\u20139000 Ghent, Belgium (D.D.V., E.V.B., M.H.); Plant Genome Research Unit, Agrogenomics Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba 305\u20138602, Ibaraki, Japan (K.S., S.K.); Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division (J.B., I.-R.C., C.V.-C.) and Crop Research Informatics Laboratory (R.M.), International Rice Researc"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021041909492188300_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6484","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610717104","article-title":"The plant stress hormone ethylene controls floral transition via DELLA-dependent regulation of floral meristem-identity genes","volume":"104","author":"Achard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118642","article-title":"Integration of plant responses to environmentally activated phytohormonal signals","volume":"311","author":"Achard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.04.034","article-title":"Plant DELLAs restrain growth and promote survival of adversity by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species","volume":"18","author":"Achard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109921108","article-title":"Brassinosteroids inhibit pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune signaling independent of the receptor kinase BAK1","volume":"109","author":"Albrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.123.1.93","article-title":"Characterization of brassinazole, a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor","volume":"123","author":"Asami","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-008-0406-6","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of dominant dwarf mutants, Slr1-d, in rice","volume":"281","author":"Asano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Genet Genomics"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2008.10.002","article-title":"Effects of brassinosteroids on the plant responses to environmental stresses","volume":"47","author":"Bajguz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112840108","article-title":"Brassinosteroids modulate the efficiency of plant immune responses to microbe-associated molecular patterns","volume":"109","author":"Belkhadir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3117\/plantroot.4.4","article-title":"Effects of shoot-applied gibberellin\/gibberellin-biosynthesis inhibitors on root growth and expression of gibberellin biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"4","author":"Bidadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Root"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-003-0064-1","article-title":"Brassinosteroid mutants of crops","volume":"22","author":"Bishop","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Plant Growth Regul"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1094\/MPMI-22-5-0487","article-title":"Primary metabolism and plant defense\u2014fuel for the fire","volume":"22","author":"Bolton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Plant Microbe Interact"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02530.x","article-title":"Immediate-early and delayed cytokinin response genes of Arabidopsis thaliana identified by genome-wide expression profiling reveal novel cytokinin-sensitive processes and suggest cytokinin action through transcriptional cascades","volume":"44","author":"Brenner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2005.00311.x","article-title":"The Pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin coronatine promotes virulence by overcoming salicylic acid-dependent defences in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"6","author":"Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Plant Pathol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.1998.88.12.1255","article-title":"Sites of infection by pythium species in rice seedlings and effects of plant age and water depth on disease development","volume":"88","author":"Chun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.49.1.427","article-title":"Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development","volume":"49","author":"Clouse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409450102","article-title":"Pseudomonas syringae manipulates systemic plant defenses against pathogens and herbivores","volume":"102","author":"Cui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.75","article-title":"Rice early flowering1, a CKI, phosphorylates DELLA protein SLR1 to negatively regulate gibberellin signalling","volume":"29","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.152702","article-title":"Abscisic acid-induced resistance against the brown spot pathogen Cochliobolus miyabeanus in rice involves MAP kinase-mediated repression of ethylene signaling","volume":"152","author":"De Vleesschauwer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01257.x","article-title":"Brassinosteroid functions to protect the translational machinery and heat-shock protein synthesis following thermal stress","volume":"29","author":"Dhaubhadel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2009.07.006","article-title":"Brassinosteroid: a biotechnological target for enhancing crop yield and stress tolerance","volume":"26","author":"Divi","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Biotechnol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2229-10-151","article-title":"Brassinosteroid-mediated stress tolerance in Arabidopsis shows interactions with abscisic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid pathways","volume":"10","author":"Divi","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Plant Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02804.x","article-title":"A brassinolide-suppressed rice MADS-box transcription factor, OsMDP1, has a negative regulatory role in BR signaling","volume":"47","author":"Duan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01387","article-title":"Auxin promotes Arabidopsis root growth by modulating gibberellin response","volume":"421","author":"Fu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.034736","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison brassinosteroid-regulated of auxin-regulated and brassinosteroid-regulated genes in Arabidopsis","volume":"134","author":"Goda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.011254","article-title":"Microarray analysis of brassinosteroid-regulated genes in Arabidopsis","volume":"130","author":"Goda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173771","article-title":"Hormone (dis)harmony moulds plant health and disease","volume":"324","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04235.x","article-title":"A role for beta-sitosterol to stigmasterol conversion in plant-pathogen interactions","volume":"63","author":"Griebel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/281216a0","article-title":"Brassinolide, a plant growth-promoting steroid isolated from Brassica napus pollen","volume":"281","author":"Grove","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03711.x","article-title":"Regulation of ACS protein stability by cytokinin and brassinosteroid","volume":"57","author":"Hansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107580","article-title":"BZR1 is a transcriptional repressor with dual roles in brassinosteroid homeostasis and growth responses","volume":"307","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1126\/science.144.3621.1028","article-title":"Sterol induction of reproduction and stimulation of growth of Pythium and Phytophthora","volume":"144","author":"Hendrix","year":"1964","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.014712","article-title":"A rice brassinosteroid-deficient mutant, ebisu dwarf (d2), is caused by a loss of function of a new member of cytochrome P450","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.999","article-title":"slender rice, a constitutive gibberellin response mutant, is caused by a null mutation of the SLR1 gene, an ortholog of the height-regulating gene GAI\/RGA\/RHT\/D8","volume":"13","author":"Ikeda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PLAN.0000038261.21060.47","article-title":"A rice semi-dwarf gene, Tan-Ginbozu (D35), encodes the gibberellin biosynthesis enzyme, ent-kaurene oxidase","volume":"54","author":"Itoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.010319","article-title":"The gibberellin signaling pathway is regulated by the appearance and disappearance of SLENDER RICE1 in nuclei","volume":"14","author":"Itoh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8909","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.141239398","article-title":"Cloning and functional analysis of two gibberellin 3 beta-hydroxylase genes that are differently expressed during the growth of rice","volume":"98","author":"Itoh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b37","first-page":"611","article-title":"Effects of a new plant-growth retardant (E)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-Yl)-1-penten-3-Ol (S-3307) on the growth and gibberellin content of rice plants","volume":"25","author":"Izumi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8503","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1103556108","article-title":"Extracellular leucine-rich repeats as a platform for receptor\/coreceptor complex formation","volume":"108","author":"Jaillais","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.109.069575","article-title":"RAV-Like1 maintains brassinosteroid homeostasis via the coordinated activation of BRI1 and biosynthetic genes in rice","volume":"22","author":"Je","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2286","article-title":"Towards a better bowl of rice: assigning function to tens of thousands of rice genes","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-006-0361-6","article-title":"Brassinosteroid confers tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus to a range of abiotic stresses","volume":"225","author":"Kagale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.046300","article-title":"Roles for rice membrane dynamics and plasmodesmata during biotrophic invasion by the blast fungus","volume":"19","author":"Kankanala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001094","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001094","article-title":"Gene gain and loss during evolution of obligate parasitism in the white rust pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"9","author":"Kemen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1970","article-title":"Brassinosteroid signal transduction from cell-surface receptor kinases to nuclear transcription factors","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.043008.092057","article-title":"Brassinosteroid signal transduction from receptor kinases to transcription factors","volume":"61","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03406.x","article-title":"Rice SVP-group MADS-box proteins, OsMADS22 and OsMADS55, are negative regulators of brassinosteroid responses","volume":"54","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00812-7","article-title":"BAK1, an Arabidopsis LRR receptor-like protein kinase, interacts with BRI1 and modulates brassinosteroid signaling","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03778.x","article-title":"Arabidopsis MYB30 is a direct target of BES1 and cooperates with BES1 to regulate brassinosteroid-induced gene expression","volume":"58","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.06.054","article-title":"Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion","volume":"126","author":"Melotto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2008.01090.x","article-title":"Reactive oxygen signaling and abiotic stress","volume":"133","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol Plant"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.007179","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a rice dwarf mutant with a defect in brassinosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"130","author":"Mori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.105.072330","article-title":"The role of OsBRI1 and its homologous genes, OsBRL1 and OsBRL3, in rice","volume":"140","author":"Nakamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01675.x","article-title":"Brassinosteroid functions in a broad range of disease resistance in tobacco and rice","volume":"33","author":"Nakashita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.03.060","article-title":"DELLAs control plant immune responses by modulating the balance of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid signaling","volume":"18","author":"Navarro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.05.050","article-title":"Different plant hormones regulate similar processes through largely nonoverlapping transcriptional responses","volume":"126","author":"Nemhauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2010.00584.x","article-title":"Cytokinin-mediated source\/sink modifications improve drought tolerance and increase grain yield in rice under water-stress","volume":"9","author":"Peleg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.164","article-title":"Networking by small-molecule hormones in plant immunity","volume":"5","author":"Pieterse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Chem Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00085-6","article-title":"Costs of resistance","volume":"3","author":"Purrington","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr Opin Plant Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26.21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-073009-114447","article-title":"Hormone crosstalk in plant disease and defense: more than just jasmonate-salicylate antagonism","volume":"49","author":"Robert-Seilaniantz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Phytopathol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.06.003","article-title":"Pathological hormone imbalances","volume":"10","author":"Robert-Seilaniantz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Plant Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1081077","article-title":"Accumulation of phosphorylated repressor for gibberellin signaling in an F-box mutant","volume":"299","author":"Sasaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.015990-0","article-title":"Selective modification of rice (Oryza sativa) gene expression by rice stripe virus infection","volume":"91","author":"Satoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.05.017","article-title":"Bacterial effectors target the common signaling partner BAK1 to disrupt multiple MAMP receptor-signaling complexes and impede plant immunity","volume":"4","author":"Shan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10178","article-title":"Structural insight into brassinosteroid perception by BRI1","volume":"474","author":"She","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02875.x","article-title":"The rice SPINDLY gene functions as a negative regulator of gibberellin signaling by controlling the suppressive function of the DELLA protein, SLR1, and modulating brassinosteroid synthesis","volume":"48","author":"Shimada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.126.2.770","article-title":"Brassinosteroid-6-oxidases from Arabidopsis and tomato catalyze multiple C-6 oxidations in brassinosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"126","author":"Shimada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.046250","article-title":"Rice WRKY45 plays a crucial role in benzothiadiazole-inducible blast resistance","volume":"19","author":"Shimono","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2010.10.010","article-title":"Integration of brassinosteroid signal transduction with the transcription network for plant growth regulation in Arabidopsis","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156973","article-title":"BSKs mediate signal transduction from the receptor kinase BRI1 in Arabidopsis","volume":"321","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.108.061648","article-title":"Release of the repressive activity of rice DELLA protein SLR1 by gibberellin does not require SLR1 degradation in the gid2 mutant","volume":"20","author":"Ueguchi-Tanaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.043729","article-title":"Molecular interactions of a soluble gibberellin receptor, GID1, with a rice DELLA protein, SLR1, and gibberellin","volume":"19","author":"Ueguchi-Tanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b72","article-title":"Identity and variability of Pythium species associated with yield decline in aerobic rice cultivation in the Philippines","author":"Van Buyten","year":"15, 2012","journal-title":"Plant Pathol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.167049","article-title":"Combining enhanced root and shoot growth reveals cross talk between pathways that control plant organ size in Arabidopsis","volume":"155","author":"Vercruyssen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.110.161570","article-title":"Plant immunity: it\u2019s the hormones talking, but what do they say?","volume":"154","author":"Verhage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04681","article-title":"Downstream nuclear events in brassinosteroid signalling","volume":"441","author":"Vert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9829","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803996105","article-title":"Integration of auxin and brassinosteroid pathways by Auxin Response Factor 2","volume":"105","author":"Vert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01975.x","article-title":"Ethylene-mediated enhancement of apical hook formation in etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings is gibberellin dependent","volume":"37","author":"Vriezen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00153-3","article-title":"Nuclear-localized BZR1 mediates brassinosteroid-induced growth and feedback suppression of brassinosteroid biosynthesis","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.107.055087","article-title":"Brassinosteroids regulate grain filling in rice","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-009-1016-1","article-title":"Brassinosteroids promote photosynthesis and growth by enhancing activation of Rubisco and expression of photosynthetic genes in Cucumis sativus","volume":"230","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.138230","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species are involved in brassinosteroid-induced stress tolerance in cucumber","volume":"150","author":"Xia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.12.9.1591","article-title":"Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint","volume":"12","author":"Yamamuro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn021","article-title":"Altered disease development in the eui mutants and Eui overexpressors indicates that gibberellins negatively regulate rice basal disease resistance","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Plant"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025001304994","article-title":"A novel brassinolide-enhanced gene identified by cDNA microarray is involved in the growth of rice","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02267.x","article-title":"Endogenous salicylic acid protects rice plants from oxidative damage caused by aging as well as biotic and abiotic stress","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.11.044","article-title":"A new class of transcription factors mediates brassinosteroid-regulated gene expression in Arabidopsis","volume":"120","author":"Yin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04449.x","article-title":"A brassinosteroid transcriptional network revealed by genome-wide identification of BESI target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"65","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2007.00243.x","article-title":"Functional analysis of rice NPR1-like genes reveals that OsNPR1\/NH1 is the rice orthologue conferring disease resistance with enhanced herbivore susceptibility","volume":"5","author":"Yuan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-009-0023-1","article-title":"Analysis of phosphorylation of the BRI1\/BAK1 complex in Arabidopsis reveals amino acid residues critical for receptor formation and activation of BR signaling","volume":"27","author":"Yun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"2021041909492188300_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.4.12.9903","article-title":"Mechanisms of brassinosteroids interacting with multiple hormones","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Signal Behav"}],"container-title":["Plant Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article-pdf\/158\/4\/1833\/37157513\/plphys_v158_4_1833.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article-pdf\/158\/4\/1833\/37157513\/plphys_v158_4_1833.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,19]],"date-time":"2021-04-19T22:27:18Z","timestamp":1618871238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article\/158\/4\/1833\/6109207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1104\/pp.112.193672","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-2548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-2548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,21]]}}}