{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T12:24:09Z","timestamp":1782908649194,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]],"date-time":"1999-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":930787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Tyrosine decarboxylase (TYDC) is a common plant enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of numerous secondary metabolites, including hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Although a definite function has not yet been determined, amides have been proposed to form a physical barrier against pathogens because they are usually found as integral cell wall components. Canola (Brassica napus) was independently transformed with chimeric genes (35S::TYDC1 and35S::TYDC2) under the transcriptional control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, and encoding two TYDC isoforms from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). All T0 plants displayed a suppressed level of wild-type TYDC activity, and transgene mRNAs were not detected. Silencing of 35S::TYDC1 was overcome in the T1 progeny of self-pollinated T0 plants, since high levels of TYDC1 mRNAs were detected, and TYDC activity increased up to 4-fold compared with wild-type levels. However, TYDC1 mRNA levels decreased in T2 plants and were not detected in the T3 progeny. TYDC activity also gradually declined in T2 and T3 plants to nearly wild-type levels. In contrast, silencing of 35S::TYDC2 was maintained through four consecutive generations. T1 plants with a 3- to 4-fold increase in wild-type TYDC activity showed a 30% decrease in cellular tyrosine pools and a 2-fold increase in cell wall-bound tyramine compared with wild-type plants. An increase in cell wall-bound aromatic compounds was also detected in these T1plants by ultraviolet autofluorescence microscopy. The relative digestibility of cell walls measured by protoplast release efficiency was inversely related to the level of TYDC activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.120.3.653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T05:00:20Z","timestamp":1027746020000},"page":"653-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Decreased Cell Wall Digestibility in Canola Transformed with Chimeric Tyrosine Decarboxylase Genes from Opium Poppy1"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Facchini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Penzes-Yost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021050312150188600_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(87)53060-9","article-title":"Binary Ti vectors for plant transformation and promoter analysis.","volume":"153","author":"An","year":"1987","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7608","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7608","article-title":"Quantitative relationship between phenylalanine ammonia-lyase levels and phenylpropanoid accumulation in transgenic tobacco identifies a rate-determining step in natural product synthesis.","volume":"91","author":"Bate","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)95143-4","article-title":"Lignin, suberin, phenolic acids, and tyramine in the suberized wound-induced periderm.","volume":"32","author":"Borg-Olivier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein using the principle of protein-dye binding.","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.2307\/3869902","article-title":"Function of oxidative cross-linking of cell wall structural proteins in plant disease resistance.","volume":"6","author":"Brisson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005882106266","article-title":"Silencing of a \u03b2-1,3-glucanase transgene is overcome during seed formation.","volume":"34","author":"Castresana","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.6.2166","article-title":"Redirection of tryptophan leads to production of low indole glucosinolate canola.","volume":"91","author":"Chavadej","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R8"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9057","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.22.9057","article-title":"Abnormal plant development and down-regulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco containing a heterologous phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene.","volume":"87","author":"Elkind","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47073-1","article-title":"Differential and tissue-specific expression of a gene family for tyrosine\/dopa decarboxylase in opium poppy.","volume":"269","author":"Facchini","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.3.687","article-title":"Uncoupled defense gene expression and antimicrobial alkaloid accumulation in elicited opium poppy cell cultures.","volume":"111","author":"Facchini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.118.1.69","article-title":"Expression patterns conferred by tyrosine\/dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase promoters from opium poppy are conserved in transgenic tobacco.","volume":"118","author":"Facchini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(84)90381-6","article-title":"A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments for high specific activity.","volume":"137","author":"Feinberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(89)80104-9","article-title":"Partial purification of tyramine feruloyl transferase from TMV inoculated tobacco leaves.","volume":"28","author":"Fleurence","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.40.060189.002023","article-title":"Physiology and molecular biology of phenylpropanoid metabolism.","volume":"40","author":"Hahlbrock","year":"1989","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00196893","article-title":"Purification of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: tyramine hydroxycinnamoyltransferase from cell-suspension cultures of Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Datura.","volume":"199","author":"Hohlfeld","year":"1996","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.2.545","article-title":"Partial purification and characterization of hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A. Tyramine hydroxycinnamoyltransferase from cell suspension cultures of Solanum tuberosum.","volume":"107","author":"Hohlfeld","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pcp.a074581","article-title":"l-Tyrosine carboxylyase of barley roots.","volume":"11","author":"Hosoi","year":"1970","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.2.315","article-title":"Covalent cross-links in the cell wall.","volume":"104","author":"Iiyama","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.1.147","article-title":"Involvement of phenolic esters in cell aggregation of suspension-cultured rice cells.","volume":"104","author":"Kato","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53980-6","article-title":"A pathogen-responsive gene of parsley encodes tyrosine decarboxylase.","volume":"268","author":"Kawalleck","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.1.193","article-title":"Two divergent members of a tobacco 4-coumerate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) gene family. cDNA structure, gene inheritance and expression, and properties of recombinant proteins.","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90086-8","article-title":"Improved method for the isolation of RNA from plant tissues.","volume":"163","author":"Logemann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7802","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.16.7802","article-title":"Increased disease susceptibility of transgenic tobacco plants with suppressed levels of preformed phenylpropanoid products.","volume":"91","author":"Maher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.88.1.52","article-title":"Elicitor-induced l-tyrosine decarboxylase from plant cell suspension cultures. II. Partial characterization.","volume":"88","author":"Marques","year":"1988","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)88735-X","article-title":"The distribution of hydroxycinnamic acid amides in flowering plants.","volume":"17","author":"Martin-Tanguy","year":"1978","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02980469","article-title":"Phenolic compounds in plant disease resistance.","volume":"16","author":"Matern","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.107.3.679","article-title":"How and why do plants inactivate homologous (trans)genes?","volume":"107","author":"Matzke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(96)00594-8","article-title":"Facile enzymatic synthesis of caffeoyl CoA.","volume":"44","author":"Meng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00778542","article-title":"High efficiency transformation of Brassica napus using Agrobacterium vectors.","volume":"8","author":"Moloney","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R31","first-page":"113","article-title":"Lignins.","volume-title":"Methods in Plant Biochemistry: Plant Phenolics, Vol 1.","author":"Monties","year":"1989"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1997.01127.x","article-title":"Purification, characterization, and partial amino acid sequencing of hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tyramine N-(hydroxycinnamoyl)transferase from tobacco cell-suspension cultures.","volume":"247","author":"Negrel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(11)80392-5","article-title":"Wound-induced tyramine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber discs.","volume":"142","author":"Negrel","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.103.2.329","article-title":"Biochemical basis of resistance of tobacco callus tissue cultures to hydroxyphenylethylamines.","volume":"103","author":"Negrel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)84681-6","article-title":"Metabolism of tyramine and feruloyltyramine in TMV-inoculated leaves of Nicotiana tabacum.","volume":"26","author":"Negrel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00393865","article-title":"Peroxidase-mediated integration of tyramine into xylem cell walls of tobacco leaves.","volume":"172","author":"Negrel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(84)83018-6","article-title":"The biosynthesis of feruloyltyramine in Nicotiana tabacum.","volume":"23","author":"Negrel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.30.090192.002101","article-title":"Phenolic compounds and their role in disease resistance.","volume":"30","author":"Nicholson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu Rev Phytopathol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1996.09020183.x","article-title":"Gene silencing mediated by promoter homology occurs at the level of transcription and results in meiotically heritable alterations in methylation and gene activity.","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265588","article-title":"Transformation of Brassica napus L. using Agrobacterium tumefaciens: developmentally regulated expression of a reintroduced napin gene.","volume":"75","author":"Radke","year":"1988","journal-title":"Theor Appl Genet"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R41","article-title":"Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual.","author":"Sambrook","year":"1989"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2307\/3869000","article-title":"Temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression around sites of attempted fungal infection in parsley leaves.","volume":"1","author":"Schmelzer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250050295","article-title":"Elicitor-stimulated biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamoyltyramines in cell suspension cultures of Solanum tuberosum.","volume":"205","author":"Schmidt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00194445","article-title":"Caffeic acid and glycerol are constituents of the suberin layers in green cotton fibres.","volume":"189","author":"Schmutz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.19.6551","article-title":"Accumulation of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein mRNAs in response to fungal elicitor and infection.","volume":"82","author":"Showalter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.94.3.1410","article-title":"High levels of tryptamine accumulation in transgenic tobacco expressing tryptophan decarboxylase.","volume":"94","author":"Songstad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(91)83185-N","article-title":"Tyramine accumulation in Nicotiana tabacum transformed with a chimeric tryptophan decarboxylase gene.","volume":"30","author":"Songstad","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(72)85014-3","article-title":"Dopa decarboxylase in Cytisus scoparius.","volume":"11","author":"Tocher","year":"1972","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00019954","article-title":"Isolation of putative defense-related genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and expression in fungal elicitor-treated cells.","volume":"21","author":"Trezzini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.1990.tb09057.x","article-title":"Elicitor-induced hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:tyramine hydroxycinnamoyltransferase in plant cell suspension cultures.","volume":"78","author":"Villegas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physiol Plant"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.2307\/3870187","article-title":"Creation of a metabolic sink for tryptophan alters the phenylpropanoid pathway and the susceptibility of potato to Phytophthora infestans.","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"2021050312150188600_R52"}],"container-title":["Plant Physiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article-pdf\/120\/3\/653\/37768261\/plphys_v120_3_653.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article-pdf\/120\/3\/653\/37768261\/plphys_v120_3_653.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T12:39:10Z","timestamp":1620045550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/plphys\/article\/120\/3\/653\/6081086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1104\/pp.120.3.653","relation":{},"ISSN":["1532-2548","0032-0889"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1532-2548","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0032-0889","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,7,1]]}}}