{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:50:39Z","timestamp":1791420639636,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Certain Taraxacum species, such as Taraxacum \u00a0koksaghyz and Taraxacum \u00a0brevicorniculatum, produce large amounts of high-quality natural rubber in their latex, the milky cytoplasm of specialized cells known as laticifers. This high-molecular mass biopolymer consists mainly of poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) and is deposited in rubber particles by particle-bound enzymes that carry out the stereospecific condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate units. The polymer configuration suggests that the chain-elongating enzyme (rubber transferase; EC 2.5.1.20) is a cis-prenyltransferase (CPT). Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of transgenic T. brevicorniculatum plants in which the expression of three recently isolated CPTs known to be associated with rubber particles (TbCPT1 to -3) was heavily depleted by laticifer-specific RNA interference (RNAi). Analysis of the CPT-RNAi plants by nuclear magnetic resonance, size-exclusion chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated a significant reduction in rubber biosynthesis and a corresponding 50% increase in the levels of triterpenes and the main storage carbohydrate, inulin. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the laticifers in CPT-RNAi plants contained fewer and smaller rubber particles than wild-type laticifers. We also observed lower activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, reflecting homeostatic control of the isopentenyl diphosphate pool. To our knowledge, this is the first in planta demonstration of latex-specific CPT activity in rubber biosynthesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.187880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,12]],"date-time":"2012-01-12T05:33:50Z","timestamp":1326346430000},"page":"1406-1417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Laticifer-Specific cis-Prenyltransferase Silencing Affects the Rubber, Triterpene, and Inulin Content of <i>Taraxacum brevicorniculatum<\/i>\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n\u00a0\n\u00a0"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Janina","family":"Post","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"van Deenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Fricke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wurbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hubert","family":"Schaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Eisenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Twyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Pr\u00fcfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Schulze","family":"Gronover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westphalian Wilhelms-University of M\u00fcnster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, 48143 Munster, Germany (J.P., N.v.D., J.F., N.K., D.W., D.P.); Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes du CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, D\u00e9partement R\u00e9seaux M\u00e9taboliques V\u00e9g\u00e9taux, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (H.S.); Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Department of Biochemistry, 85747 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021041909354189500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)97065-1","article-title":"Biosynthesis of triterpenoids in cultured cells, and regenerated and wild plant organs of Taraxacum officinale","volume":"36","author":"Akashi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4671","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1033.2003.03863.x","article-title":"Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of cDNA encoding cis-prenyltransferases from Hevea brasiliensis: a key factor participating in natural rubber biosynthesis","volume":"270","author":"Asawatreratanakul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09364.x","article-title":"Detergent-solubilization, purification, and characterization of membrane-bound 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase from radish seedlings","volume":"154","author":"Bach","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.32.6.643","article-title":"Rubber biosynthesis in latex of Hevea brasiliensis","volume":"32","author":"Bandurski","year":"1957","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b5","author":"Bonner","year":"1991"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2005.09.003","article-title":"Biogenesis, molecular regulation and function of plant 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and specific functions in isoprenoid biosynthesis, and complete loss of FPP synthase activity causes early developmental arrest","volume":"63","author":"Closa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant J"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00097-8","article-title":"Similarities and differences in rubber biochemistry among plant species","volume":"57","author":"Cornish","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s004250050657","article-title":"Rubber particles from four different species, examined by transmission electron microscopy and electron-paramagnetic-resonance spin labeling, are found to consist of a homogeneous rubber core enclosed by a contiguous, monolayer biomembrane","volume":"210","author":"Cornish","year":"1999","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7774","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.13.7774","article-title":"Arabidopsis thaliana contains two differentially expressed farnesyl-diphosphate synthase genes","volume":"271","author":"Cunillera","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(00)01798-1","article-title":"Characterization of dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase of Arabidopsis thaliana, a key enzyme in dolichol biosynthesis","volume":"477","author":"Cunillera","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15381","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.24.15381","article-title":"The Arabidopsis thaliana FPS1 gene generates a novel mRNA that encodes a mitochondrial farnesyl-diphosphate synthase isoform","volume":"272","author":"Cunillera","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5511\/plantbiotechnology1984.10.275","article-title":"Triterpenoid constituents of tissue cultures and regenerated organs of Taraxacum officinale","volume":"10","author":"Furuno","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Tissue Cult Lett"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1140379","article-title":"The biosynthesis of rubber from beta-hydroxy-beta-methylgluarylcoenzyme A in Hevea brasiliensis latex","volume":"114","author":"Hepper","year":"1969","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.43.060192.001141","article-title":"Oil bodies and oleosins in seeds","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol 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Rep"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(00)01347-2","article-title":"A novel multifunctional triterpene synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana","volume":"41","author":"Kushiro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023005504702","article-title":"Genome organization in Arabidopsis thaliana: a survey for genes involved in isoprenoid and chlorophyll metabolism","volume":"51","author":"Lange","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b26","author":"Langenheim","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.09.001","article-title":"Mechanism of cis-prenyltransferase reaction probed by substrate analogues","volume":"400","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-006-6263-y","article-title":"Overexpression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase in Arabidopsis mitochondria triggers light-dependent lesion formation and alters cytokinin homeostasis","volume":"61","author":"Manzano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Mol Biol"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1912","article-title":"Lipid droplets: a unified view of a dynamic organelle","volume":"7","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530051627","article-title":"Alternative sources of natural rubber","volume":"53","author":"Mooibroek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol 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implications in rubber biosynthesis","volume":"275","author":"Oh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.9.e36","article-title":"Relative expression software tool (REST) for group-wise comparison and statistical analysis of relative expression results in real-time PCR","volume":"30","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b36","first-page":"001","article-title":"Towards understanding the regulation of rubber biosynthesis: insights into the initiator and elongator enzymes","volume":"2","author":"Punetha","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bioinform Seq Anal"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.80387","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway genes of a natural-rubber producing plant, Hevea brasiliensis","volume":"72","author":"Sando","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.2001.00438.x","article-title":"Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two cis-prenyltransferases with different properties and localizations: implication for their distinct physiological roles in dolichol synthesis","volume":"6","author":"Sato","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.3.761","article-title":"Expression of the Hevea brasiliensis (H.B.K.) M\u00fcll. Arg. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 1 in tobacco results in sterol overproduction","volume":"109","author":"Schaller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s11105-009-0145-9","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterisation of rubber biosynthetic genes from Taraxacum koksaghyz","volume":"28","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2091-11-11","article-title":"Characterization of rubber particles and rubber chain elongation in Taraxacum koksaghyz","volume":"11","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biochem"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.694","article-title":"Separation and quantification of inulin in selected artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) cultivars and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale WEB. ex WIGG.) roots by high-performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection","volume":"20","author":"Sch\u00fctz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2007.06.014","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of two cDNAs encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase from Hevea brasiliensis","volume":"165","author":"Seetang-Nun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Plant Physiol"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.40.1683","article-title":"Mass spectra of pentacyclic triterpenoids","volume":"40","author":"Shiojima","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo)"},{"key":"2021041909354189500_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)95072-6","article-title":"A 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