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Despite its broad applicability, the refinement process often requires substantial manual effort and expert knowledge, which limits the pace of materials research. Here, we introduce a methodology based on convolutional neural networks that enables automated Rietveld refinement. A systematically generated training dataset, which incorporates diverse structural and profile parameters, allows the network to capture complex pattern\u2013structure relationships effectively. A refined crystal structure is directly extracted from the experimental powder X-ray diffraction pattern in a single inference step. The approach is validated using benchmark datasets of CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , Tb\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    BaCoO\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    and PbSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    , achieving reliability factors comparable to those obtained from conventional methods. This work establishes a generalizable methodology by providing valuable insights into the development of autonomous diffraction analysis, with the potential to accelerate materials discovery and characterization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1107\/s1600576726001494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:31:17Z","timestamp":1774557077000},"page":"564-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/cm_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Automation of Rietveld refinement through machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1107","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6961-2861","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suk Jin","family":"Mun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y0zf565","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9314-8976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yoonsoo","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8267-8581","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sungkyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y0zf565","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"329","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"yr5164_bb2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1107\/S2052520621004844","volume":"77","author":"Ballirano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Cryst. 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