{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:56:59Z","timestamp":1790866619271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Nuclear and Science Technology Organization (ANSTO) Application","award":["22486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22486"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iucr.org","wiley.com","iucrj.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Synchrotron Rad","J Synchrotron Radiat"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    FLASH radiotherapy involves delivering relatively high radiation doses at ultra-high dose rates (UHDRs) that are several orders of magnitude greater than those used in conventional radiotherapy (40\u2005Gy\u2005s\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    versus 0.5\u20135\u2005Gy\u2005min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , respectively). Previous\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies have shown that doses delivered with such UHDRs result in significant tumour killing while having less effect on normal tissues. Most of these\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies were based on the use of charged particles such as electrons and protons. In this study we exposed cells [human epidermal melanocytes (HEM), MM96L melanoma cells, CCD841 colon epithelial cells and CaCo2 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells] grown\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    to synchrotron-based X-ray beams delivered at either low dose rates or UHDRs to validate the FLASH effect. The FLASH effect that has been reported to occur under hypoxic conditions was also investigated using HEM and MM96L cells. Significant cell killing was observed at 48\u2005h post-irradiation, when the cells were exposed to high dose (\u226510\u2005Gy) UHDRs compared with low dose rate beams in\u00a0both groups of cells. MM96L melanoma cells were \u223c10% less resistant to UHDR than were HEM cells. A similar result was observed in CCD841 and CaCo2 cells. When the hypoxic melanocytes were exposed to (\u226510\u2005Gy) UHDRs a minimal loss of cell viability was observed; however, when hypoxic MM96L cells were irradiated, significant cell losses were observed. These results show that a FLASH effect is evident in these skin and colon cells. Moreover, when MM96L melanoma cells were pretreated with 1\u2005m\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    gold nanoparticles and exposed to 10\u2005Gy UHDR X-rays there was a 50% dose enhancement observed where only 15% was observed at low dose rates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1107\/s160057752600398x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T11:30:22Z","timestamp":1778067022000},"page":"1036-1042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/cm_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of oxygen and nanoparticles on human skin and colon cells exposed to synchrotron-based X-ray FLASH beams"],"prefix":"10.1107","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Moshi","family":"Geso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ttjf776","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"department":["School of Health and Biomedical Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Ffrench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jrpxe15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"department":["Radiotherapy Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Forrester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ttjf776","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"department":["School of Health and Biomedical Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rod","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00jrpxe15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"department":["Radiotherapy Department"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ttjf776","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"department":["School of Health and Biomedical Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Nordiana","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00bw8d226","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"department":["Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terrence J.","family":"Piva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04ttjf776","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"department":["School of Health and Biomedical Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"329","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"tv5087_bb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686142","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.686142","volume":"11","author":"Adrian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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