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However, vancomycin resistance has become widespread in certain pathogens, presenting a serious threat to public health. Resistance to vancomycin is conferred by a suite of resistance genes, the expression of which is controlled by the VanR\u2013VanS two-component system. VanR is the response regulator in this system; in the presence of vancomycin, VanR accepts a phosphoryl group from VanS, thereby activating VanR as a transcription factor and inducing expression of the resistance genes. This paper presents the X-ray crystal structures of full-length VanR from <jats:italic>Streptomyces coelicolor<\/jats:italic> in both the inactive and activated states at resolutions of 2.3 and 2.0\u2005\u00c5, respectively. Comparison of the two structures illustrates that phosphorylation of VanR is accompanied by a disorder-to-order transition of helix 4, which lies within the receiver domain of the protein. This transition generates an interface that promotes dimerization of the receiver domain; dimerization in solution was verified using analytical ultracentrifugation. The inactive conformation of the protein does not appear intrinsically unable to bind DNA; rather, it is proposed that in the activated form DNA binding is enhanced by an avidity effect contributed by the receiver-domain dimerization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1107\/s2059798321006288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T17:12:00Z","timestamp":1627578720000},"page":"1027-1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/cm_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Structures of full-length VanR from <i>Streptomyces coelicolor<\/i> in both the inactive and activated states"],"prefix":"10.1107","volume":"77","author":[{"given":"Lina J.","family":"Maciunas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kushol","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Loll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"329","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ni5011_bb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.8.2582-2591.1992","volume":"174","author":"Arthur","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. 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