{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:23:57Z","timestamp":1774067037489,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/uk\/legalcode"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395187200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/uk\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iucr.org","wiley.com","iucrj.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr","Acta Crystallogr D","Acta Crystallogr D Biol Cryst","Acta Cryst D","Acta Cryst D Biol Crystallogr","Acta Cryst D Biol Cryst","Acta Cryst Sect D","Acta Cryst Sect D Biol Cryst","Acta Crystallogr Sect D","Acta Crystallogr Sect D Biol Crystallogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The first step of nitrogen assimilation in higher plants, the energy-driven incorporation of ammonia into glutamate, is catalyzed by glutamine synthetase. This central process yields the readily metabolizable glutamine, which in turn is at the basis of all subsequent biosynthesis of nitrogenous compounds. The essential role performed by glutamine synthetase makes it a prime target for herbicidal compounds, but also a suitable intervention point for the improvement of crop yields. Although the majority of crop plants are dicotyledonous, little is known about the structural organization of glutamine synthetase in these organisms and about the functional differences between the different isoforms. Here, the structural characterization of two glutamine synthetase isoforms from the model legume<jats:italic>Medicago truncatula<\/jats:italic>is reported: the crystallographic structure of cytoplasmic GSII-1a and an electron cryomicroscopy reconstruction of plastid-located GSII-2a. Together, these structural models unveil a decameric organization of dicotyledonous glutamine synthetase, with two pentameric rings weakly connected by inter-ring loops. Moreover, rearrangement of these dynamic loops changes the relative orientation of the rings, suggesting a zipper-like mechanism for their assembly into a decameric enzyme. Finally, the atomic structure of<jats:italic>M.\u00a0truncatula<\/jats:italic>GSII-1a provides important insights into the structural determinants of herbicide resistance in this family of enzymes, opening new avenues for the development of herbicide-resistant plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1107\/s1399004713034718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,18]],"date-time":"2014-03-18T16:38:47Z","timestamp":1395160727000},"page":"981-993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/cm_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The structures of cytosolic and plastid-located glutamine synthetases from<i>Medicago truncatula<\/i>reveal a common and dynamic architecture"],"prefix":"10.1107","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Eva","family":"Torreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Seabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hazel","family":"Marriott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Llorca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carol V.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helena G.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Tornero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro Jos\u00e9 Barbosa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"329","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"dw5085_bb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444912001308","volume":"68","author":"Afonine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Cryst. 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