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It allows a wide range of possible investigations, including soft and biological samples under physiological conditions (hydrated specimens). The structural information obtained using the X-rays is combined with the data gathered with the AFM (morphology and mechanical properties), providing a unique characterization of the specimen and its dynamics<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>during an experiment. In this work, lipid monolayers and bilayers in air or liquid environment have been investigated by means of AFM, both with imaging and force spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity. In addition, this combination allows the radiation damage induced by the beam on the sample to be studied, as has been observed on DOPC and DPPC supported lipid bilayers under physiological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1107\/s1600577515016318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,30]],"date-time":"2015-09-30T07:41:37Z","timestamp":1443598897000},"page":"1364-1371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/cm_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Custom AFM for X-ray beamlines:<i>in situ<\/i>biological investigations under physiological conditions"],"prefix":"10.1107","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Gum\u00ed-Audenis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Carl\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. 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