{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:08:23Z","timestamp":1754154503094,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1\/2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this article is to give a non\u2010technical overview of some of the technical progress made recently on tackling three fundamental problems in the area of formal knowledge representation\/artificial intelligence. These are the Frame Problem, the Ramification Problem, and the Qualification Problem. The article aims to describe the development of two logic\u2010based languages, the Event Calculus and Modular\u2010E, to address various aspects of these issues. The article also aims to set this work in the wider context of contemporary developments in applied logic, non\u2010monotonic reasoning and formal theories of common sense.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study applies symbolic logic to model aspects of human knowledge and reasoning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The article finds that there are fundamental interdependencies between the three problems mentioned above. The conceptual framework shared by the Event Calculus and Modular\u2010E is appropriate for providing principled solutions to them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article provides an overview of an important approach to dealing with three fundamental issues in artificial intelligence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00012530610648734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,4]],"date-time":"2006-07-04T00:19:05Z","timestamp":1151972345000},"page":"140-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three problems in logic\u2010based knowledge representation"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Rob","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022020520331547000_b1","unstructured":"Davis, E. 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(1997b), \u201cReasoning about actions, narratives and ramifications\u201d, Journal of Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 1 No. 4, pp. 39\u201072, available at: www.ep.liu.se\/ej\/etai\/1997\/003\/ (accessed 23 November 2005)."},{"key":"key2022020520331547000_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kakas, A., Michael, L. and Miller, R. (2005), \u201cModular\u2010E: an elaboration tolerant approach to the ramification and qualification problems\u201d, in Baral, C., Greco, G., Leone, N. and Terracina, G. (Eds), Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning (LPNMR'05), Diamante, Italy, September 5\u20108, 2005, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 3663 No. 1, Springer\u2010Verlag, Berlin, pp. 211\u201026.","DOI":"10.1007\/11546207_17"},{"key":"key2022020520331547000_b10","unstructured":"Kakas, A., Miller, R. and Toni, F. 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