{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:49:55Z","timestamp":1767707395278,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]],"date-time":"2011-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1295308800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper seeks to draw on Sice's systems model, itself based on Senge's \u201cfixes that fail\u201d archetype, and on data from two previous research projects conducted by one of the authors. The purpose of this paper is to synthesise a new model that portrays the information\u2010seeking behaviour of children and young people.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The systems model provides the backbone of the new framework but additions, accommodations and revisions were made to ensure that the version featured here represents the phenomenon of information seeking by the young as appropriately as possible in terms of the data that were gathered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the new model's most significant characteristics is its emphasis on problems and issues that prevent information seeking from proceeding smoothly. Information seeking is also shown to be an iterative process, with the individual often revisiting previous stages, frequently in response to difficulties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected from pupils in just seven schools. The undertaking of research further a\u2010field would be invaluable, if the extent to which the model is applicable to other information\u2010seekers in different environments is to be ascertained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The model demonstrates the importance of the information professional's educative role, in terms of both delivering formal information literacy instruction and providing assistance at the point of need.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the use of ideas and frameworks from other disciplines, with the aim of increasing understanding of phenomena within LIS, is a growing trend, this paper represents one of the first attempts to apply an existing model associated with systems thinking to information behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00012531111103786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,8]],"date-time":"2011-01-08T07:00:46Z","timestamp":1294470046000},"page":"57-75","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Modelling the information\u2010seeking behaviour of children and young people"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Shenton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Naomi V.","family":"Hay\u2010Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b1","unstructured":"Adams, S. (2008), \u201cPhillip Pullman attacks school's \u2018philistine\u2019 plan to close library\u201d, The Telegraph, 23 November, available at: www.telegraph.co.uk\/education\/3506600\/Philip\u2010Pullman\u2010attacks\u2010schools\u2010philistine\u2010plan\u2010to\u2010close\u2010library.html (accessed 16 August 2010)."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b2","unstructured":"Atkin, C. (1973), \u201cInstrumental utilities and information seeking\u201d, in Clarke, P. (Ed.), New Models for Mass Communication Research, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, pp. 205\u201042."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b3","unstructured":"Bates, M.J. (2005), \u201cAn introduction to metatheories, theories, and models\u201d, in Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S. and McKechnie, E.F. (Eds), Theories of Information Behavior, Information Today, Medford, NJ, pp. 1\u201024."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaulieu, M. (2003), \u201cApproaches to user\u2010based studies in information seeking and retrieval: a Sheffield perspective\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 239\u201048.","DOI":"10.1177\/01655515030294002"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beautyman, W. and Shenton, A.K. (2009), \u201cWhen does an academic information need stimulate a school\u2010inspired information want?\u201d, Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, Vol. 41 No. 2, pp. 67\u201080.","DOI":"10.1177\/0961000609102821"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b6","unstructured":"Bosman, J. and Renckstorf, K. (1996), \u201cInformation needs: problems, interests and consumption\u201d, in Renckstorf, K., McQuail, D. and Jankowski, N. (Eds), Media Use as Social Action: A European Approach to Audience Studies, John Libbey, London, pp. 43\u201052."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b7","unstructured":"Burdick, T.A. (1996), \u201cSuccess and diversity in information seeking: gender and the information search styles model\u201d, School Library Media Quarterly, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 19\u201026."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case, D.O. (2006), \u201cInformation behavior\u201d, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 40, pp. 293\u2010327.","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440400114"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b9","unstructured":"Case, D.O. (2007), Looking for Information: A Survey of Research on Information Seeking, 2nd ed., Academic Press, London."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b10","unstructured":"Choo, C.W. (2000), \u201cClosing the cognitive gaps: how people process information\u201d, in Marchand, D.A., Davenport, T.H. and Dickson, T. (Eds), Financial Times: Mastering Information Management, Financial Times\/Prentice\u2010Hall, London, pp. 245\u201053."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, J.S. and Neuman, D. (2007), \u201cHigh school students' information seeking and use for class projects\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 58 No. 10, pp. 1503\u201017.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20637"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b12","unstructured":"Dervin, B. (1983), \u201cAn overview of sense\u2010making research: concepts, methods, and results to date\u201d, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association, Dallas, TX."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b13","unstructured":"Druin, A. and Solomon, C. (1996), Designing Multimedia Environments for Children: Computers, Creativity, and Kids, John Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b14","unstructured":"Edwards, P.M. (2005), \u201cTaylor's question\u2010negotiation\u201d, in Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S. and McKechnie, E.F. (Eds), Theories of Information Behavior, Information Today, Medford, NJ, pp. 358\u201062."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdelez, S. (1999), \u201cInformation encountering: it's more than just bumping into information\u201d, Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 25\u20109.","DOI":"10.1002\/bult.118"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher, K.E. and Julien, H. (2009), \u201cInformation behavior\u201d, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 43, pp. 317\u201058.","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.2009.1440430114"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b17","unstructured":"Fourie, J.A. and Kruger, J.A. (1995), \u201cBasic and developmental information needs of secondary school pupils\u201d, Mousaion, Vol. 13 Nos 1\/2, pp. 225\u201049."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b18","unstructured":"Gibbons, A. (2008), \u201cWhat's a library?\u201d, Alan Gibbons' blog, 2 December, available at: http:\/\/alangibbons.net\/?p=139 (accessed 16 August 2010)."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b19","unstructured":"Gorman, M. (1998), Our Singular Strengths: Meditations for Librarians, American Library Association, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b20","unstructured":"Harris, F.J. (2008), \u201cChallenges to teaching credibility assessment in contemporary schooling\u201d, in Metzger, M.J. and Flanagin, A.J. (Eds), Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 155\u201080."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b21","unstructured":"Jackson, M. and Banwell, L. (2005), \u201cMind the gaps: \u2018A\u2019 level students and IL\u201d, Library and Information Update, Vol. 4 Nos 1\/2, pp. 42\u20103."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b22","unstructured":"Kari, J. (1998), \u201cMaking sense of sense\u2010making: from metatheory to substantive theory in the context of paranormal information seeking\u201d, paper presented at the Nordis\u2010Net workshop \u2013 (Meta)theoretical Stands in Studying Library and Information Institutions: Individual, Organizational and Societal Aspects, Oslo."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b23","unstructured":"Krikelas, J. (1983), \u201cInformation\u2010seeking behavior: patterns and concepts\u201d, Drexel Library Quarterly, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 5\u201020."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b24","unstructured":"Kuhlthau, C.C. (1989), \u201cInformation search process: a summary of research and implications for school library media programs\u201d, School Library Media Quarterly, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 19\u201025."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhlthau, C.C. (1991), \u201cInside the search process: information seeking from the user's perspective\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 42 No. 5, pp. 361\u201071.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199106)42:5<361::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhlthau, C.C. (1993), \u201cA principle of uncertainty for information seeking\u201d, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 49 No. 4, pp. 339\u201055.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026918"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhlthau, C.C. (1999), \u201cAccommodating the user's information search process: challenges for information retrieval system designers\u201d, Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 12\u201016.","DOI":"10.1002\/bult.115"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhlthau, C.C. (2007), \u201cReflections on the development of the model of the Information Search Process (ISP): excerpts from the Lazerow Lecture, University of Kentucky, 2 April 2007\u201d, Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 33 No. 5, pp. 32\u20107.","DOI":"10.1002\/bult.2007.1720330511"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b29","unstructured":"Lightfoot, L. (2008), \u201cAuthors fight to preserve school library\u201d, The Guardian, 23 November, available at: www.guardian.co.uk\/education\/2008\/nov\/23\/philip\u2010pullman\u2010school\u2010library (accessed 16 August 2010)."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchionini, G. (1989), \u201cInformation\u2010seeking strategies of novices using a full\u2010text electronic encyclopedia\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 54\u201066.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(198901)40:1<54::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markey, K. (1981), \u201cLevels of question formulation in negotiation of information need during the online pre\u2010search interview: a proposed model\u201d, Information Processing and Management, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 215\u201025.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(81)90016-9"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b33","unstructured":"New Practical Standard Dictionary of the English Language: Volume Two \u2013 M\u2010Z ( (1948) in Funk, C.E. (Ed.), Funk and Wagnalls, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b32","unstructured":"Penguin (2000), in Allen, R. (Ed.), The New Penguin English Dictionary, Penguin, London."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b34","unstructured":"Pickard, A. (2004), \u201cYoung people and the internet\u201d, Library and Information Update, Vol. 3 No. 1, pp. 32\u20104."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b35","unstructured":"Pitts, J.M. (1994), \u201cPersonal understandings and mental models of information: a qualitative study of factors associated with the information\u2010seeking and use of adolescents\u201d, PhD thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b36","unstructured":"Reuter, K. (2007), Children Selecting Books in a Library: Extending Models of Information Behavior to a Recreational Setting, VDM Verlag, Saarbr\u00fccken."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b37","unstructured":"Senge, P.M. (2006), The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organisation, Random House, London."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. (2007a), \u201cViewing information needs through a Johari window\u201d, Reference Services Review, Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 487\u201096.","DOI":"10.1108\/00907320710774337"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b39","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. (2007b), \u201cThe paradoxical world of young people's information behavior\u201d, School Libraries Worldwide, Vol. 13 No. 2, available at: www.iasl\u2010online.org\/pubs\/slw\/july07\u2010shenton.htm (accessed 16 August 2010)."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b40","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. (2007c), \u201cCauses of information\u2010seeking failure: some insights from an English research project\u201d, in Chelton, M.K. and Cool, C. (Eds), Youth Information\u2010Seeking Behavior II: Context, Theories, Models, and Issues, Scarecrow Press, Lanham, MD, pp. 313\u201064."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b41","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. (2008a), \u201cModelling\u2010through\u2010reaction: the possibilities for user research\u201d, Information Research Watch International, April, pp. 5\u20106."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. (2008b), \u201cThe information\u2010seeking problems of English high schoolers responding to academic information need\u201d, Library Review, Vol. 57 No. 4, pp. 276\u201088.","DOI":"10.1108\/00242530810868715"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. (2009a), \u201cInformation literacy and scholarly investigation: a British perspective\u201d, IFLA Journal, Vol. 35 No. 3, pp. 226\u201031.","DOI":"10.1177\/0340035209346219"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. (2009b), \u201cSearch images, information seeking and information literacy\u201d, Library Review, Vol. 58 No. 2, pp. 109\u201015.","DOI":"10.1108\/00242530910936925"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. (2009c), \u201cInferential information\u2010seeking\u201d, Library Review, Vol. 58 No. 5, pp. 353\u201061.","DOI":"10.1108\/00242530910961774"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b46","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. (2009d), Young People's Information Universes: Their Characteristics and Development, VDM Verlag, Saarbr\u00fccken."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b47","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. and Beautyman, W. (2009), \u201cInformation literacy: what is it?\u201d, Primary Leadership Today, Vol. 15, pp. 32\u20104."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. and Dixon, P. (2003), \u201cModels of young people's information seeking\u201d, Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 5\u201022.","DOI":"10.1177\/096100060303500102"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. and Hay\u2010Gibson, N.V. (2009), \u201cDilemmas and further debates in qualitative method\u201d, Education for Information, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 21\u201037.","DOI":"10.3233\/EFI-2009-0870"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b50","unstructured":"Shenton, A.K. and Jackson, M. (2007), \u201cInformation literacy teaching and information behaviour\u201d, Library and Information Update, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 42\u20103."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b51","unstructured":"Sice, P. (2009), \u201cComplex systems thinking and the beer game\u201d, paper presented in the Handling Complexity and Change Seminar series, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b52","unstructured":"Streatfield, D. (2006), \u201cLooking across the boundaries\u201d, Information Research Watch International, December, pp. 3\u20104."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, R.S. (1968), \u201cQuestion\u2010negotiation and information seeking in libraries\u201d, College and Research Libraries, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 178\u201094.","DOI":"10.5860\/crl_29_03_178"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tetnowski, J.A. and Damico, J.S. (2004), \u201cGetting out of Procrustes' bed: the needs and benefits of qualitative research in stuttering\u201d, Advances in Speech\u2010Language Pathology, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 153\u20108.","DOI":"10.1080\/14417040412331283002"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b55","unstructured":"Westbrook, L. (1993), \u201cUser needs: a synthesis and analysis of current theories for the practitioner\u201d, RQ, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 541\u20109."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b56","unstructured":"Williams, P. (2006), \u201cOpinion: against information literacy\u201d, Library and Information Update, Vol. 5 Nos 7\u20108, p. 20."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson, K. (1998), \u201cDiscovered by chance: the role of incidental information acquisition in an ecological model of information use\u201d, Library and Information Science Research, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 23\u201040.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-8188(98)90004-4"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b58","unstructured":"Wilson, E.O. (1998), Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, Little, Brown & Company, London."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, T.D. (1999a), \u201cExploring models of information behaviour: the \u2018uncertainty\u2019 project\u201d, Information Processing and Management, Vol. 35 No. 6, pp. 839\u201049.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00029-1"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, T.D. (1999b), \u201cModels in information behaviour research\u201d, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 55 No. 3, pp. 249\u201070.","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000007145"},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b61","unstructured":"Wilson, T.D. (2000), \u201cHuman information behavior\u201d, Informing Science, Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 49\u201054."},{"key":"key2022032019441927300_b62","unstructured":"Wilson, T. and Walsh, C. (1996), Information Behaviour: An Inter\u2010disciplinary Perspective \u2013 A Review of the Literature, British Library Research and Innovation Report 10, British Library Research and Innovation Centre, London."}],"container-title":["Aslib Proceedings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00012531111103786","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00012531111103786\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00012531111103786\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T11:37:11Z","timestamp":1753357031000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ajim\/article\/63\/1\/57-75\/35271"}},"subtitle":["Inspiration from beyond LIS"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00012531111103786"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00012531111103786","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-253X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0001-253X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,18]]}}}