{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T10:21:33Z","timestamp":1762078893947,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1133395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to examine the theory of a control revolution in nineteenth century England, and its social and technological implications for the information society. It takes up where most historical interpretations of the industrial revolution end, and before most analyses of the digital era begin. The work focuses on three distinct types of technological advance \u2013 in transportation, in communication, and in the processing of information \u2013 without adopting a technologically deterministic argument.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Historical analysis, based on both primary and secondary sources.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The article first considers the introduction of the railways, and makes a case in that there were two crises of control involving railway technology in the nineteenth century: a crisis of communication, and a crisis of organisation. It goes on to assess the growth of bureaucracy and organisation in commerce. The expansion of government surveillance power towards the end of the nineteenth century is also discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper is broad in its scope and therefore some necessary omissions and limitations have been made. Many of the terms used throughout have entire literatures on their meanings, but it is not the intention of this paper to engage further with these debates, and it is acknowledged that within this limited discussion there is room for some ambiguity surrounding terms. Such concepts have been defined as far as possible within the article. The impact of warfare and military organisation are key themes, and while extremely relevant, deserve fuller discussion elsewhere. Also, while there would have undoubtedly been effects upon the British Empire from English industrialisation and the resulting crises of control, it has not been possible to discuss the implications of differing socio\u2010economic and political conditions within the Empire in this paper. The increasing sophistication of other professions such as finance and accounting in this period have not been considered, although again, this is an area which deserves individual study[1].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The research takes a step towards demonstrating that the origins of the information society can be traced back to the structural and organisational implications of the control revolution of the nineteenth century. The methods of control created the basic communication infrastructures still used in 2005, and set the precedent for government intervention and social surveillance. It concludes by discussing the potential crises of control within the information society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410510632086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,29]],"date-time":"2007-01-29T06:47:06Z","timestamp":1170053226000},"page":"777-802","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The social and technological origins of the information society"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Toni","family":"Weller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Bawden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b1","unstructured":"Adams, C.F. Jr (1868), \u201cThe railroad system\u201d, in Adams, C.F. Jr and Adams, H. (Eds), James Osgood & Company, Boston, MA, pp. 333\u2010429."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b2","unstructured":"Ahrons, E.L. (1952), Locomotive and Train Working in the Latter Part of the Nineteenth Century, 6 vols, Heffer & Sons Ltd, Cambridge (originally published in The Railway Magazine, 1915\u201026)."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b3","unstructured":"Allen, G.C. (1933), British Industries and their Organisation, Longmans, Green & Co., London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b5","unstructured":"Anderson, B. (1983), \u201cImagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism\u201d, in Hobsbawm, E.J. and Ranger, T. (Eds), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b6","unstructured":"Ashton, T.S. (1968), The Industrial Revolution, 1760\u20101830, Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bawden, D. and Robinson, L. (2000), \u201cA distant mirror? The internet and the printing press\u201d, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 52 No. 2, pp. 51\u20107.","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000007000"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b11","unstructured":"Bell, D. (1973), The Coming of Post Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting, Penguin, Harmondsworth."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b12","unstructured":"Beniger, J. (1986), The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society, Harvard University Press, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b13","unstructured":"Berg, M. (1994), \u201cFactories, workshops, and industrial organisation\u201d, in Floud, R. and McCloskey, D. (Eds), The Economic History of Britain Since 1700. Volume I: 1700\u20101860, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 123\u201050."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b14","unstructured":"Blaise, C. (2001), Time Lord: Sir Stanford Fleming and the Creation of Standard Time, Phoenix, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boot, H.M. (1999), \u201cReal incomes of the British middle class, 1760\u20101850: the experience of clerks at the East India Company\u201d, Economic History Review, Vol. LII No. 4, pp. 638\u201068.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0289.00141"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b17","unstructured":"Brewer, J. (1997), The Pleasures of the Imagination: English Culture in the Eighteenth Century, HarperCollins, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b22","unstructured":"Cannadine, D. (2001), Ornamentalism: How the British Saw their Empire, Penguin, Harmondsworth."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b23","unstructured":"Castells, M. (2000), The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (Volume I: The Rise of the Networked Society), 2nd ed., Blackwell, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b26","unstructured":"Clayton, A. (2000), Subterranean City: Beneath the Streets of London, Phillimore & Co. Ltd, Chichester."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b27","unstructured":"Cohen, E. (1941), The Growth of the British Civil Service, 1780\u20101939, Allen & Unwin, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b28","unstructured":"Colley, L. (1992), Britons: Forging a Nation, Yale University Press, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, M. (1998), \u201cEnglish bank development within a European context, 1870\u20101939\u201d, Economic History Review, Vol. LI No. 1, pp. 1\u201024.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0289.00081"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b30","unstructured":"Crafts, N. (1994), \u201cThe Industrial Revolution\u201d, in Floud, R. and McCloskey, D. (Eds), The Economic History of Britain since 1700. Volume I: 1700\u20101860, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 44\u201059."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b31","unstructured":"Dandeker, C. (1990), Surveillance, Power And Modernity: Bureaucracy and Discipline from 1700 to the Present Day, Polity Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b32","unstructured":"Daunton, M.J. (1985), Royal Mail: The Post Office Since 1840, Athlone, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b35","unstructured":"Drucker, P.F. (1999), \u201cBeyond the information revolution\u201d, available at: www.theatlantic.com\/issues\/99oct\/9901drucker.htm (accessed 31 January 2002)."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b36","unstructured":"Eastern and North Eastern Railway (1851), Local Timetables for the Eastern and North Eastern Railway with its Branches, Eastern and North Eastern Railway, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b37","unstructured":"(The) Economist (2003), \u201cThe internet in a cup\u201d, The Economist, 20 December\u20102 January, pp. 48\u201050."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b40","unstructured":"Emsley, C. (1987), Crime and Society in England, 1750\u20101900, Longman, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b41","unstructured":"Evans, D.S. and Leder, M. (1999), \u201cEconomics for the Third Industrial Revolution\u201d, MMC Views, available at: www.mmc.com\/views\/99sum.evans.shtml (accessed 1 February 2002)."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b43","unstructured":"Feather, J. (1998), The Information Society: A Study of Continuity and Change, 2nd ed., Library Association Publishing, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b44","unstructured":"Ferguson, N. (2001), The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700\u20102000, Penguin, Harmondsworth."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b45","unstructured":"Finer, S.E. (1997), The History of Government from the Earliest Times, (Vol. III: Empires, Monarchies and the Modern State), Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 1609\u201052."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b46","unstructured":"Fleck, A. Sir (1958), \u201cTechnology and its social consequences\u201d, in Singer, C., Holmyard, E.J., Hall, A.R. and Williams, T.I. (Eds), A History of Technology. Volume V: The Late Nineteenth Century, c. 1850 to c. 1900, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 814\u201041."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floud, R. and Johnson, P. (2004), Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain, 3 vols, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CHOL9780521820370"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b49","unstructured":"Floud, R. and McCloskey, D. (Eds) (1981), The Economic History of Britain Since 1700. Volume II: 1860\u20101970s, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b50","unstructured":"Floud, R. and McCloskey, D. (1994), The Economic History of Britain Since 1700. Volume I: 1700\u20101860, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, R. and Guagnini, A. (1985), \u201cBritain in perspective: the European context of industrial training and innovation, 1880\u20101914\u201d, History and Technology, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 133\u201050.","DOI":"10.1080\/07341518508581637"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b52","unstructured":"Fry, D. (1998), \u201cHistoric railway disasters\u201d, available at: http:\/\/danger\u2010ahead.ailfan.net\/accidents.htm (accessed 22 May 2002)."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b54","unstructured":"Giddens, A. (1985), The Nation State and Violence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b55","unstructured":"Great Western Railway (1851), Local Timetables for the Great Western Railway with its Branches, Great Western Railway, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b56","unstructured":"Greenwood, J. (1997), \u201cThe third industrial revolution\u201d, paper presented at the 3rd AEI Conference, available at: www.aei.org.\/cs\/cs7625.htm (accessed 1 February 2002)."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b57","unstructured":"Habermas, J. (1989), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Enquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (translated by Burger, T.), Polity Press, Cambridge, pp. 195\u2010220."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b58","unstructured":"Hall, P. and Preston, P. (1988), The Carrier Wave: New Information Technologies and the Geography of Innovation, 1846\u20102003, Unwin Hyman, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b59","unstructured":"Hamilton Ellis, C. (1958), \u201cThe development of railway engineering\u201d, in Singer, C., Holmyard, E.J., Hall, A.R. and Williams, T.I. (Eds), A History of Technology. Volume V: The Late Nineteenth Century, c. 1850 to c. 1900, pp. 329\u201031."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b61","unstructured":"Haywood, T. (1995), Info\u2010Rich, Info\u2010Poor: Access and Exchange in the Global Information Society, Bowker\u2010Saur, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b62","unstructured":"Henderson, W.O. (1972), Britain and Industrial Europe, 1750\u20131870: Studies in British Influence on the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe, 3rd ed., Leicester University Press, Leicester."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b64","unstructured":"Hill, L. (Ed.) (2001), Whitaker's London Almanack 2001, The Stationery Office, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b67","unstructured":"Hobsbawm, E.J. (1962), The Age of Capital, 1848\u20101875, Weindenfeld & Nicolson, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b68","unstructured":"Hobsbawm, E.J. (1969), Industry and Empire: An Economic History of Britain Since 1750, Penguin, Harmondsworth."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b69","unstructured":"Hobsbawm, E.J. and Ranger, T. (Eds) (1983), The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, W. (1949), \u201cThe growth of industrial production in Britain\u201d, Economic History Review, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 162\u201080.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0289.1949.tb01119.x"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b72","unstructured":"Hueffer, F.M. (1905), The Soul of London: A Survey of a Modern City, Chiswick Press, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jewkes, J., Sawyers, D. and Stillerman, R. (1969), The Sources of Invention, W.W. Norton, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-00015-9"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b77","unstructured":"Jones, D. (1982), Crime, Protest, Community and Police in Nineteenth Century Britain, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin, W. (1988), \u201cThe information society \u2013 idea or entity?\u201d, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 40 Nos 11\/12, pp. 303\u20109.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb051115"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b83","unstructured":"Mitchell, B.R. and Dean, P. (1962), Abstract of Historical Statistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b84","unstructured":"Mokyr, J. (1994), \u201cTechnological change, 1700\u20101830\u201d, in Floud, R. and McCloskey, D. (Eds), The Economic History of Britain Since 1700. Volume I: 1700\u20101860, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 12\u201043."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Brien, P. and Quinault, R. (Eds) (1993), The Industrial Revolution and British Society, Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511622137"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b90","unstructured":"Olsen, D.J. (1976), The Growth of Victorian London, B.T. Batsford Ltd, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oppenheim, C. (1996), \u201cAn agenda for action to achieve the information society in the UK\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 22 No. 6, pp. 407\u201021.","DOI":"10.1177\/016555159602200603"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearson, R. and Richardson, D. (2001), \u201cBusiness networking in the industrial revolution\u201d, Economic History Review, Vol. LIV No. 4, pp. 657\u201079.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0289.00207"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b93","unstructured":"Perkin, H. (1969), Origins of Modern Society, 1780\u20101880, Routledge, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b94","unstructured":"Perkin, H. (1993), The Rise of the Professional Society: England Since 1880, Routledge, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b98","unstructured":"Popper, K. (1972), Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b99","unstructured":"Proudhon, P.J. (1923), General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (translated by Robinson, J.B.), Freedom Press, London (originally published in France, 1851)."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quinault, R. (1993), \u201cThe Industrial Revolution and parliamentary reform\u201d, in O'Brien, P. and Quinault, R. (Eds), The Industrial Revolution and British Society, Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow, pp. 183\u2010202.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511622137.009"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b101","unstructured":"Rammell, T.W. (1857), A New Plan for Street Railways, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b103","unstructured":"Richards, T. (1991), The Commodity Culture of Victorian England: Advertising and Spectacle, 1851\u20101914, Verso, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b105","unstructured":"Routledge, R. (1900), Discoveries and Inventions of the Nineteenth Century, 13th ed., George Routledge & Sons, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b106","unstructured":"Sala, G.A. (1859), Gaslight and Daylight, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b108","unstructured":"Schlesinger, M. (1853), Saunterings in and About London, English edition (translated by Weinckstern, O.), London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b109","unstructured":"Schofield, R. (1994), \u201cBritish population change, 1700\u20101871\u201d, The Economic History of Britain Since 1700. Volume I: 1700\u20101860, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 60\u201095."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Showalter, D.E. (2004), \u201cInformation capabilities and military revolution: the nineteenth century experience\u201d, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 220\u201042.","DOI":"10.1080\/0140239042000255904"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, A. (1976), An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, edited by Campbell, R.H., Skinner, A.S. and Todd, W.B.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (first published 1776).","DOI":"10.1093\/oseo\/instance.00043218"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b115","unstructured":"Smith, R.M. and Marx, L. (Eds) (1994), Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technical Determinism, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b116","unstructured":"Standage, T. (1998), The Victorian Internet, Phoenix, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stevenson, J. (1993), \u201cSocial aspects of the Industrial Revolution\u201d, in O'Brien, P. and Quinault, R. (Eds), The Industrial Revolution and British Society, Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow, pp. 229\u201053.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511622137.011"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b118","unstructured":"Taylor, A.G. (1999), The Organisation of Information, Libraries Unlimited, Englewood, CO."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b119","unstructured":"Taylor, S. (Ed.) (2001), The Moving Metropolis: A History of London's Transport Since 1800, Laurence King, London, pp. 1\u2010157."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b121","unstructured":"Toynbee, A. (1884), Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England, Rivingtons, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b124","unstructured":"Uncle Jonathan (1895), Uncle Jonathan Walks in and Around London, 3rd ed., London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Tunzelman, G.N. (1993), \u201cTechnological and organisational change in industry\u201d, in O'Brien, P. and Quinault, R. (Eds), The Industrial Revolution and British Society, Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow, pp. 254\u201082.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511622137.012"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, W.B. (1980), \u201cBritish industrial performance 1850\u20101950: a failure to adjust\u201d, in Parvit, K. (Ed.), Technical Innovation and British Economic Performance, Macmillan, London, pp. 19\u201037.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-06381-9_2"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warner, J. (2000), \u201cWhat should we understand by information technology (and some hints at other issues)?\u201d, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 52 No. 9, pp. 350\u201070.","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000007028"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b128","unstructured":"Weber, A. (1899), The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b129","unstructured":"Weber, M. (1904), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (translated by Parsons, T.), Unwin University Books, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, F. (1995), Theories of the Information Society, Routledge, London.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203991367"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_b132","unstructured":"Wilkes, R. (2002), Scandal: A Scurrilous History of Gossip, Atlantic Books, London, pp. 1\u201077."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg4","unstructured":"Amsden, A. (1992), \u201cA theory of government intervention in late industrialisation\u201d, in Putterman, L. and Rueschemeyer, D. (Eds), State and Market Development: Synergy or Rivalry?, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, pp. 53\u201084."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg7","unstructured":"Baker, S. (1961), Visual Persuasion: The Effect of Pictures on the Subconscious, McGraw\u2010Hill, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg8","unstructured":"Baldwin, F.G.C. (1925), The History of the Telephone in the United Kingdom, Chapman & Hall, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bawden, D. (2000), \u201c\u2018Information\u2019 and \u2018library\u2019 shifting centres of terminology\u201d, Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 53 No. 3, pp. 93\u20108.","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000007043"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg15","unstructured":"Blakeley, B. and Collins, J. (1993), Documents in British History, Volume II: 1688 to the Present, 2nd ed., McGraw\u2010Hill, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg18","unstructured":"Briggs, A. (1963), Victorian Cities, Oldhams Press, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browne, M. (1997a), \u201cThe field of information policy: (1) fundamental concepts\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 261\u201075.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551974231812"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Browne, M. (1997b), \u201cThe field of information policy: (2) re\u2010defining the boundaries and methodologies\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 339\u201051.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551974231894"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg21","unstructured":"Butler, A. (Ed.) (1985), Everyman's Dictionary of Dates, 7th ed., J.M. Dent and Sons, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Church, R. (1999), \u201cNew perspectives on the history of products, firms, marketing, and consumers in Britain and the United States since the mid\u2010nineteenth century\u201d, Economic History Review, Vol. LII No. 3, pp. 405\u201035.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0289.00131"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Church, R. (2000), \u201cAdvertising consumer goods in nineteenth century Britain: reinterpretations\u201d, Economic History Review, Vol. LIII No. 4, pp. 621\u201045.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0289.00172"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg33","unstructured":"Dickens, C. (1865), Our Mutual Friend, Chapman and Hall, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg34","unstructured":"Dickens, C. Jr (1879) Dickens's Dictionary of London, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg38","unstructured":"Eisenstein, E. (1979), The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communication and Culture in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg39","unstructured":"Eisenstein, E. (1983), The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Everett, J.E. (1998), \u201cAnnual review of information technology developments for economic and social historians, 1997\u201d, Economic History Review, Vol. LI No. 2, pp. 382\u201097.","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0289.00098"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg47","unstructured":"Floud, R. (Ed.) (1974), Essays in Quantitative Economic History, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 59\u201078."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg53","unstructured":"Fukuyama, F. (1992), The End of History and The Last Man, Hamish Hamilton, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg60","unstructured":"Harrison, F. (1894), \u201cThe transformation of London\u201d, The Meaning of History and Other Historical Pieces, Macmillan, London, pp. 433\u201058."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgs, E. (2004), The Information State in England: The Central Collection of Information on Citizens Since 1500, Palgrave Macmillan, London.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781350392946"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hjorland, B. (1992), \u201cThe concept of \u2018subject\u2019 in information science\u201d, Journal of Documentation, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 5\u201037.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026895"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg66","unstructured":"Hobbes, T. (1994), The Leviathan (edited by Tuck, R.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (originally published in 1651)."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg71","unstructured":"Horn, R. (1999), \u201cInformation design: emergence of a new profession\u201d, available at: www.stanford.edu\/ \u223c\u2009rhorn\/Horn\u2010InfoDesignChapter.html (accessed 27 March 2002)."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg73","unstructured":"Insalaco, R. (Ed.) (2002), Annual Abstract of Statistics, 2002, The Stationery Office, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg74","unstructured":"Jacobson, R. (Ed.) (1999), Information Design, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg75","unstructured":"Janus, N. (1984), \u201cAdvertising and the creation of global markets: the role of new communication technologies\u201d, in Mosco, V. and Wasko, J. (Eds), The Critical Communications Review, Vol. 2; Changing Patterns of Communication Control, Ablex, Norwood, NJ, pp. 57\u201070."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg78","unstructured":"Locke, J. (1993), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (edited by Yonton, J.W.), Dent, London (originally published in 1689)."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg81","unstructured":"McConnell, S. (1996), \u201cThe role of computers in reshaping the work force\u201d, Monthly Labour Review, August, pp. 3\u20105."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg82","unstructured":"McGarry, K. (1991), \u201cEpilogue: differing views of knowledge\u201d, in Meadows, J. (Ed.), Knowledge and Communication: Essays on the Information Chain, Library Association Publishing, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg79","unstructured":"Manby Smith, C. (1853), Curiosities of London Life, or Phases, Physiological and Social, of the Great Metropolis, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg85","unstructured":"Moschovitis, C., Poole, H., Schuyler, T. and Senft, T. (1999), History of the Internet: A Chronology, 1843 to the Present, ABC\u2010Clio, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 1\u201032."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg86","unstructured":"Nicholson, D. Lord (1993), \u201cIs today so much better?\u201d, The Independent on Sunday, 3 January."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O'Brien, P. (1993), \u201cPolitical preconditions for the industrial revolution\u201d, in O'Brien, P. and Quinault, R. (Eds), The Industrial Revolution and British Society, Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow, pp. 124\u201055.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511622137.007"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg89","unstructured":"Ogan, A. (1855), Railway Collisions Prevented, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg95","unstructured":"Peters, W. (1853), Railway Dangers and How to Avoid Them, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, D. (1993), \u201cCrime, law and punishment in the industrial revolution\u201d, in O'Brien, P. and Quinault, R. (Eds), The Industrial Revolution and British Society, Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow, pp. 156\u201082.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511622137.008"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg97","unstructured":"Popper, K. (1966), The Open Society and its Enemies, 5th ed., Routledge, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rennie, J. (1986), \u201cA history of the Department of Information Science at City University\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 3\u201013.","DOI":"10.1177\/016555158601200102"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg104","unstructured":"Railway Times Office (1841), Robinson's Railway Directory, Railway Times Office, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saracevic, T. (1999), \u201cInformation science\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 50 No. 12, pp. 1051\u201063.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:12<1051::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg110","unstructured":"Senge, P. and Carstedt, G. (2001), \u201cInnovating our way to the next industrial revolution\u201d, Sloan Management Review, Vol. 42 No. 2, pp. 24\u201038."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg111","unstructured":"Shannon, C. and Weaver, W. (1949), The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg113","unstructured":"Shramm, W. (1954), \u201cHow communication works\u201d, in Schramm, W. (Ed.), The Processes and Effects of Mass Communication, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg120","unstructured":"Thomas, R.H.G. (1986), London's First Railway: the London & Greenwich, B.T. Batsford Ltd, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg122","unstructured":"Trollope, A. (1857), The Three Clerks, London."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg123","unstructured":"Turner Berry, W. (1958), \u201cPrinting and related trades\u201d, in Singer, C., Holmyard, E.J., Hall, A.R. and Williams, R.I. (Eds), A History of Technology. Volume V: The Late Nineteenth Century, c. 1850 to c. 1900, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 683\u2010715."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg131","unstructured":"Wiener, M. (1981), English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850\u20101980, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg133","unstructured":"Wolf, M. (2002), \u201cThe capitalist growth machine\u201d, Financial Times, 5 June, p. 19."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg134","unstructured":"Wolmar, C. (1996), \u201cParliament Square is falling down\u201d, The Independent, 30 November, p. 8."},{"key":"key2022030719515640900_frg135","unstructured":"Young, G.M. and Hancock, W.D. (Eds) (1956), English Historical Documents, Volume XII, 1833\u20101874, Eyre & Spottiswoode, London."}],"container-title":["Journal of Documentation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00220410510632086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220410510632086\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220410510632086\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:37:35Z","timestamp":1753400255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jd\/article\/61\/6\/777-802\/204923"}},"subtitle":["An analysis of the crisis of control in England, 1830\u20101900"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00220410510632086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00220410510632086","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-0418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]}}}