{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:14:18Z","timestamp":1775160858731,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]],"date-time":"2007-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Critical care nurses' work is rich in informative interactions. Although there have been <jats:italic>post\u2010hoc<\/jats:italic> self report studies of nurses' information seeking, there have been no observational studies of the patterns of their on\u2010duty information behavior. This paper seeks to address this issue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study used participant observation and in context interviews to describe 50 hours of the observable information behavior of a representative sample of critical care nurses in a 20\u2010bed critical care unit of a community (non\u2010teaching) hospital. The researcher used open, <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and axial coding to develop a grounded theory model of their consistent pattern of multimedia interactions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The resulting Nurse's Patient\u2010Chart Cycle describes their activities during the shift as centering on a regular alternation between interactions with the patient and with the patient's chart (in various record systems), clearly bounded with nursing \u201creport\u201d interactions at the beginning and the end of the shift. The nurses' demeanor markedly changed between interactions with the chart and interactions with the patient. Their attention was focused on patient\u2010specific information. They had almost no time or opportunity to consult published sources of information while on duty.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Libraries often provide nurses with information services that are based on academic models of information behavior. Clinical information systems are designed more for medico\u2010legal record keeping than for nursing care. Understanding the reality of nurses' on\u2010duty information behavior may guide librarians and systems designers in the provision of more appropriate systems and services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410710723885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,28]],"date-time":"2007-02-28T13:04:00Z","timestamp":1172667840000},"page":"57-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A grounded theory model of on\u2010duty critical care nurses' information behavior"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Michelynn","family":"McKnight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b1","unstructured":"American Nurses Association (2004), Nursing World, available at: www.nursingworld.org\/pressrel\/index.htm (accessed September 2 2004)."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, C., Wuest, J. and Stern, P.N. (1992), \u201cMethod slurring: the grounded theory\/phenomenology example\u201d, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 17, pp. 1355\u201060.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1992.tb01859.x"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b3","unstructured":"Blythe, J.B. and Royle, J.A. (1993), \u201cBrief communications: assessing nurses' information needs in the work environment\u201d, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, Vol. 81, pp. 433\u20105."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b4","unstructured":"Bystr\u00f6m, K. (2000), \u201cThe effects of task complexity on the relationship between information types acquired and information sources used\u201d, in H\u00f6glund, L. and Wilson, T. (Eds), The New Review of Information Behaviour Research: Studies of Information Seeking in Context, Taylor Graham, Cambridge, pp. 85\u2010101."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b5","unstructured":"Bystr\u00f6m, K. (2005), \u201cInformation activities in work tasks\u201d, in Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S. and McKechnie, L. (Eds), Theories of Information Behavior, ASIST Monograph Series, Information Today, Medford, NJ, pp. 174\u20108."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b6","unstructured":"Case, D.O. (2002), Looking for Information: A Survey of Research on Information Seeking, Needs, and Behavior, Academic Press, Amsterdam."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b7","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W. (1998), Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design, 2nd ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawes, M. and Sampson, U. (2003), \u201cKnowledge management in clinical practice: a systematic review of information seeking behavior in physicians\u201d, International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 71, pp. 9\u201015.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(03)00023-6"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b9","unstructured":"Detlefsen, E.G. (1998), \u201cThe information behaviors of life and health scientists and health care providers: characteristics of the research literature\u201d, Bulletin of the Medical Library Association, Vol. 86, pp. 185\u201090."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, I. (1999), Grounding Grounded Theory: Guidelines for Qualitative Inquiry, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012214640-4\/50011-5"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman, I. and Segesten, K. (1995), \u201cDeputed power of medical control: the hidden message in the ritual of oral shift reports\u201d, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 22, pp. 1006\u2010111.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.1995.tb02655.x"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsythe, D.E., Buchanan, B.G., Osheroff, J.A. and Miller, R.A. (1992), \u201cExpanding the concept of medical information: an observational study of physicians' information needs\u201d, Computers and Biomedical Research, Vol. 25, pp. 181\u2010200.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(92)90020-B"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b13","unstructured":"Glaser, B.G. (1978), Theoretical Sensitivity, Sociology Press, Mill Valley, CA."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b14","unstructured":"Glaser, B.G. (1992), Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis, Sociology Press, Mill Valley, CA."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b15","unstructured":"Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L. (1999), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Aldine de Gruyter, New York, NY, (originally published in 1967)."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b16","unstructured":"Glesne, C. (1999), Becoming Qualitative Researchers: An Introduction, Longman, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b17","unstructured":"Ingwersen, P. and Jarvelin, K. (2005), The Turn: Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 316\u201023."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b18","unstructured":"Janesick, V.J. (2000), \u201cThe choreography of qualitative research design\u201d, in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds), Handbook of Qualitative Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 379\u201099."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b19","unstructured":"Kelly, R. (1999), \u201cGoings\u2010on in a CCU: an ethnomethodological account of things that go on in a routine hand\u2010over\u201d, Nursing in Critical Care, Vol. 4, pp. 85\u201091."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lally, S. (1999), \u201cAn investigation into the functions of nurses' communication at the inter\u2010shift handover\u201d, Journal of Nursing Management, Vol. 7, pp. 29\u201035.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2834.1999.00095.x"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b21","unstructured":"Lange, L.L. (1993), \u201cInformation seeking by nurses during beginning\u2010of\u2010shift activities\u201d, Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care, American Medical Informatics Association, pp. 317\u201021."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leckie, G.J., Pettigrew, K.E. and Sylvain, C. (1996), \u201cModeling the information seeking of professionals: a general model derived from research on engineers, health care professionals, and lawyers\u201d, Library Quarterly, Vol. 66, pp. 161\u201093.","DOI":"10.1086\/602864"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b24","unstructured":"McKnight, M. (2004a), \u201cAn observational investigation of on\u2010duty critical care nurses' information behavior in a nonteaching community hospital\u201d, Dissertation Abstracts International, 65\/03, 740A (UMI AAT 3126579)."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKnight, M. (2004b), \u201cHospital nurses: no time to read on duty\u201d, Journal of Electronic Medical Resources in Libraries, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 13\u201023.","DOI":"10.1300\/J383v01n03_02"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKnight, M. and Peet, M. (2000), \u201cHealth care providers' information seeking: recent research\u201d, Medical Reference Services Quarterly, Vol. 19, pp. 27\u201049.","DOI":"10.1300\/J115v19n02_03"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b23","unstructured":"Marriott, J. and Mable, A.L. (2004), Opportunities and Potential: A Review of International Literature on Primary Health Care Reform and Models, Health Human Resource Strategies Division, Health Policy and Communications Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa,, available at: www.hc\u2010sc.gc.ca\/phctf\u2010fassp\/english\/eng\u2010manual.pdf (accessed September 2 2004)."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osheroff, J.A., Forsythe, D.E., Buchanan, B.G., Bankowitz, R.A., Blumenfeld, B.H. and Miller, R.A. (1991), \u201cPhysicians' information needs: analysis of questions posed during clinical teaching\u201d, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 114, pp. 576\u201081.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-7-576"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b28","unstructured":"Parker, J., Gardner, G. and Wiltshire, J. (1992), \u201cHandover: the collective narrative of nursing practice\u201d, Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 9, pp. 31\u20107."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard, J.A. (1988), \u201cCongruence between intershift reports and patients' actual conditions\u201d, IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 20, pp. 4\u20106.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.1988.tb00019.x"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettengill, M.M., Gillies, D.A. and Clark, C.C. (1994), \u201cFactors encouraging and discouraging the use of nursing research findings\u201d, Image \u2013 the Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol. 26, pp. 143\u20107.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.1994.tb00934.x"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Potter, P., Boxerman, S., Wolf, L., Marshall, J., Grayson, D., Sledge, J. and Evanoff, B. (2004), \u201cMapping the nursing process: a new approach for understanding the work of nursing\u201d, Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 34, pp. 101\u20109.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005110-200402000-00009"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savolainen, R. (2006), \u201cTime as a context of information seeking\u201d, Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 28, pp. 110\u201027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lisr.2005.11.001"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b34","unstructured":"Statistical Abstract of the United States (2004), US Census Bureau, Washington, DC, available at: www.census.gov\/prod\/www\/statistical\u2010abstract\u201003.html (accessed September 2, 2004)."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strauss, A. (1987), Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511557842"},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b36","unstructured":"Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1998), Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 2nd ed., Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b37","unstructured":"Thelan, L.A., Lough, M.E., Urden, L.D. and Stacy, K.M. (1998), Critical Care Nursing Diagnosis and Management, 3rd ed., Mosby, St Louis, MO."},{"key":"key2022031419453849500_b38","unstructured":"Wilson, T.D. (2005), \u201cEvolution in information behavior modeling: Wilson's model\u201d, in Fisher, K.E., Erdelez, S. and McKechnie, L. (Eds), Theories of Information Behavior, ASIST Monograph Series, Information Today, Medford, NJ, pp. 31\u20106."}],"container-title":["Journal of Documentation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00220410710723885","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220410710723885\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220410710723885\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:37:45Z","timestamp":1753400265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jd\/article\/63\/1\/57-73\/205321"}},"subtitle":["The patient\u2010chart cycle of informative interactions"],"editor":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Spink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00220410710723885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00220410710723885","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0418","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]]}}}