{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T07:24:16Z","timestamp":1775460256098,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]],"date-time":"2007-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article aims to examine a particular sub\u2010set of human information behavior that has been largely overlooked in the library and information science (LIS) literature; how people are socialized to create and use information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Naturalism and ethnomethodology were used as theoretical frameworks to examine what a group of fifth grade students were taught about documents, how this information was imparted to them, and how social factors were manifested in the construction and form of those documents. Two concepts are shown to be critical in the explication of students as document creators and users: the notion that there is a \u201cstock of knowledge\u201d that underlies human interaction (some of which relates to recorded information), and that this socialization process forms part of a school's \u201chidden curriculum.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Students were socialized to be good (in the sense of being competent) creators and users of documents. Part of the role of \u201cbeing a student\u201d involved learning the underlying norms and values that existed in relation to document creation and use, as well as understanding other norms and values of the classroom that were captured or reflected by documents themselves. Understanding \u201cdocument work\u201d was shown to be a fundamental part of student affiliation; enabling students to move from precompetent to competent members of a school community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research demonstrated that people possess a particular stock of knowledge from which they draw when creating and using information. Competence in this aspect of human information behavior, while partly based on one's own experience, is shown to be largely derived or learned from interaction with others.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410710723920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,28]],"date-time":"2007-02-28T12:47:16Z","timestamp":1172666836000},"page":"142-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Information creation and the notion of membership"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Ciaran B.","family":"Trace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b1","unstructured":"Austin, H., Dwyer, B. and Freebody, P. (2003), Schooling the Child: The Making of Students in Classrooms, Routledge Farmer, London."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b2","unstructured":"Bates, M.J. (2005), \u201cAn introduction to metatheories, theories, and models\u201d, in Fisher, K.E. (Ed.), Theories of Information Behavior (ASIST monograph), Information Today, Medford, NJ."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Case, D.O. (2006), \u201cInformation behavior\u201d, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Vol. 40, pp. 293\u2010327.","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440400114"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b4","unstructured":"Chatman, E.A. (1992), The Information World of Retired Women, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatman, E.A. (1999), \u201cA theory of life in the round\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 50 No. 3, pp. 207\u201017.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:3<207::AID-ASI3>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulon, A. (1995), Ethnomethodology, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984126"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coulon, A. (2004), \u201cBecoming a member by following the rules\u201d, in Perret\u2010Clermont, A. (Ed.), Joining Society: Social Interaction and Learning in Adolescence and Youth, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 109\u201018.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511616341.009"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b8","unstructured":"Dervin, B. (1983), \u201cInformation as a user construct: the relevance of perceived information needs to synthesis and interpretation\u201d, in Ward, S.A. and Reed, L.J. (Eds), Knowledge Structure and Use: Implications for Synthesis and Interpretation, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 153\u201083."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dervin, B. (1999), \u201cOn studying information seeking methodologically: the implications of connecting metatheory to method\u201d, Information Processing and Management, Vol. 35 No. 6, pp. 727\u201050.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00023-0"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emerson, R.M., Fretz, R.I. and Shaw, L.L. (1995), Writing Ethnographic Field Notes, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226206851.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman, M.S. (1995), Strategies for Interpreting Qualitative Data, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412986007"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b12","unstructured":"Garfinkel, H. (1984), Studies in Ethnomethodology, Polity Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b13","unstructured":"Garfinkel, H. and Bittner, E. (1999), \u201c\u2018Good\u2019 organizational reasons for \u2018bad\u2019 clinic records\u201d, Studies in Ethnomethodology, Polity Press, Cambridge, pp. 186\u2010207."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gordon, T., Holland, J. and Lahelma, E. (2001), \u201cEthnographic research in educational settings\u201d, in Atkinson, P. (Ed.), Handbook of Ethnography, Sage, London, pp. 188\u2010203.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781848608337.n13"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b15","unstructured":"Jackson, P.W. (1968), Life in Classrooms, Holt, Reinhart and Winston, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b16","unstructured":"Kuhlthau, C. (2004), Seeking Meaning: A Process Approach to Library and Information Services, 2nd ed., Libraries Unlimited, Westport, CT."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeCompte, M. (1978), \u201cLearning to work: the hidden curriculum of the classroom\u201d, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 22\u201037.","DOI":"10.1525\/aeq.1978.9.1.05x1748z"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b18","unstructured":"LeCompte, M.D. (1980), \u201cThe civilizing of children: how young children learn to become students\u201d, Journal of Thought, Vol. 15 No. 3, pp. 105\u201027."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b19","unstructured":"LeCompte, M.D. and Preissle, J. (1993), Ethnography and Qualitative Design in Educational Research, 2nd ed., Academic Press, San Diego, CA."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b20","unstructured":"Leiter, K. (1980), A Primer on Ethnomethodology, Oxford University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b21","unstructured":"Lynch, K. (1989), The Hidden Curriculum: Reproduction in Education, A Reappraisal, Falmer Press, London."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margolis, E. (2001), \u201cPeekaboo: hiding and outing the hidden curriculum\u201d, in Margolis, E. (Ed.), The Hidden Curriculum in Higher Education, Routledge, New York, NY, pp. 1\u201020.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203901854"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b23","unstructured":"Marsh, C.J. (1997), Perspectives: Key Concepts for Understanding Curriculum 1, The Falmer Press, London."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b24","unstructured":"Martin, J.R. (1994), \u201cWhat should we do with a hidden curriculum when we find one?\u201d, Changing the Educational Landscape: Philosophy, Women, and Curriculum, Routledge, New York, NY, pp. 154\u201069."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b25","unstructured":"Sch\u00fctz, A. (1962), Collected Papers I: The Problem of Social Reality, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sieber, R.T. (1979), \u201cClassmates as workmates: informal peer activity in the elementary school\u201d, Anthropology and Education Quarterly, Vol. 10 No. 4, pp. 207\u201035.","DOI":"10.1525\/aeq.1979.10.4.05x1385g"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonnenwald, D.H. and Iivonen, M. (1999), \u201cAn integrated human information behavior research framework for information studies\u201d, Library and Information Science Research, Vol. 21 No. 4, pp. 429\u201057.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-8188(99)00023-7"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spink, A. and Cole, C. (2006), New Directions in Human Information Behavior, Springer, Dordrecht.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3670-1"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stillar, G.F. (1998), Analyzing Everyday Texts: Discourse, Rhetoric, and Social Perspectives, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452233383"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b30","unstructured":"Todd, R.J. (2003), \u201cAdolescents of the information age: patterns of information seeking and use, and implications for information professionals\u201d, School Libraries Worldwide, Vol. 9 No. 2, pp. 27\u201046."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trace, C.B. (2002), \u201cWhat is recorded is never simply \u2018what happened\u2019: record keeping in modern organizational culture\u201d, Archival Science, Vol. 2, pp. 137\u201059.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02435634"},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b32","unstructured":"Trace, C.B. (2004), \u201cDocumenting school life: formal and informal imprints of a fifth grade classroom\u201d, PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b33","unstructured":"Zimmerman, D. (1966), \u201cPaper work and people work: a study of a public assistance agency\u201d, PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, ."},{"key":"key2022013020410002700_b34","unstructured":"Zimmerman, D. (1969), \u201cRecord keeping and the intake process in a public welfare agency\u201d, in Wheeler, S. (Ed.), On Record: Files and Dossiers in American Life, Sage, New York, NY, pp. 319\u201054."}],"container-title":["Journal of Documentation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00220410710723920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220410710723920\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220410710723920\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:37:46Z","timestamp":1753400266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jd\/article\/63\/1\/142-164\/205289"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Amanda","family":"Spink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00220410710723920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00220410710723920","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0418","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,23]]}}}