{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T13:20:46Z","timestamp":1774358446364,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,11]],"date-time":"2007-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1189468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study is to examine the use of formality indicators in chat reference interchanges within the context of politeness theory, with its corollaries of face\u2010threat and social relationship development.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This discourse analysis identifies the syntactic and content indicators and patterns of formality levels in a purposive sample of 402 chat transcripts (covering 6,572 minutes) from one academic year at a large, US, public university.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Syntactic formality markers include regular use of contractions, slang, sentence fragments, and non\u2010standard punctuation as well as limited use of acronyms and abbreviations with rare use of emoticons. Content\u2010based markers included apologies, self\u2010disclosure, and expressions of extreme need. Use patterns are related to the level of responsibility assumed by the librarian as well as the interview stages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>A limited data source and potential coder bias are the two limitations of this study. The research implications point to the need for chat reference librarians to assume greater control of formality nuances in order to encourage a more effective search for the user.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The fundamentals of politeness theory, particularly in terms of formality indicators, should be incorporated into staff training and behavioral standards for reference librarians. While future research is needed to determine the most effective means of employing this theoretical construct, this study implies that a self\u2010reflective, culturally sensitive use of the nuances of formality can enhance the user's experience.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is the first to systematically examine formality indicators in the context of politeness theory. The use of two coders, a full academic year's worth of data, and a substantial sample provide great depth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410710827736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,22]],"date-time":"2007-09-22T07:02:04Z","timestamp":1190444524000},"page":"638-658","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Chat reference communication patterns and implications: applying politeness theory"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Lynn","family":"Westbrook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, P. and Blackburn, T. (2004), \u201cAn experimental study of language intensity and response rate in e\u2010mail surveys\u201d, Communication Reports, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp. 73\u201084.","DOI":"10.1080\/08934210409389377"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b2","unstructured":"Arundale, R. (2005), \u201cPragmatics, conversational implicature, and conversation\u201d, in Fitch, K. and Sanders, R. (Eds), Handbook of Language And Social Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 41\u201063."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balasubramanian, S., Konana, P. and Menon, N. (2003), \u201cCustomer satisfaction in virtual environments: a study of online investing\u201d, Management Science, Vol. 49, pp. 871\u201089.","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.49.7.871.16385"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, N. (2002), \u201cWho sets e\u2010mail style? Prescriptivism, coping strategies, and democratizing communication access\u201d, The Information Society, Vol. 18, pp. 403\u201013.","DOI":"10.1080\/01972240290108203"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b5","unstructured":"Berger, C. (2002), \u201cMeta\u2010analysis in context: a proto\u2010theory of interpersonal communication\u201d, in Allen, M., Preiss, R., Gayle, B. and Burrell, N. (Eds), In Interpersonal Communication Research: Advances through Meta\u2010Analysis, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 13\u201041."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, C. (2005), \u201cInterpersonal communication: theoretical perspectives, future prospects\u201d, Journal of Communication, September, pp. 415\u201047.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02680.x"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b7","unstructured":"Bradac, J. and Giles, H. (2005), \u201cLanguage and social psychology: conceptual niceties, complexities, curiosities, monstrosities, and how it all works\u201d, in Fitch, K. and Sanders, R. (Eds), Handbook of Language and Social Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 201\u201030."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987), Politeness: Some Universals in Language Use, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511813085"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burck, C. (2005), \u201cComparing qualitative research methodologies for systemic research: the use of grounded theory, discourse analysis and narrative analysis\u201d, Journal of Family Therapy, Vol. 27, pp. 237\u201062.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6427.2005.00314.x"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b63","unstructured":"Burgoon, J. K. and White, C. A. (1997), \u201cResearching nonverbal message production: a view from interaction adaptation theory\u201d, in Greene, J. O. (Ed.), Message Production: Advances in Communication Theory, LEA, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 279\u2010312."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, D. and Wilson, S. (2000), \u201cIdentity implications of influence goals: a cross\u2010cultural comparison of interaction goals and facework\u201d, Communication Studies, Vol. 51 No. 4, pp. 307\u201028.","DOI":"10.1080\/10510970009388529"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caplan, S. and Samter, W. (1999), \u201cThe role of facework in younger and older adults'\u201d, Evaluations of Social Support Messages, Vol. 47, pp. 245\u201064.","DOI":"10.1080\/01463379909385558"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheek, J. (2004), \u201cAt the margins? discourse analysis and qualitative research\u201d, Qualitative Health Research, Vol. 14, pp. 1140\u201050.","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732304266820"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cozby, P.C. (1973), \u201cSelf\u2010disclosure: a literature review\u201d, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 79, pp. 73\u201091.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033950"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b13","unstructured":"Davis, B. and Brewer, J. (1997), Electronic Discourse: Linguistic Individuals in Virtual Space, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeGroote, S., Dorsch, J. and Collard, S. (2005), \u201cQuantifying cooperation: collaborative digital reference service in the large academic library\u201d, College & Research Libraries, Vol. 66, pp. 436\u201054.","DOI":"10.5860\/crl.66.5.436"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b15","unstructured":"Eelen, G. (2001), A Critique of Politeness Theories, St Jerome, Manchester."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, J., Lazar, J. and Preece, J. (2004), \u201cEmpathy and online personal trust: a fragile relationship\u201d, Behaviour & Information Technology, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 97\u2010106.","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290310001659240"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flaherty, M. and Seipp\u2010Williams, L. (2005), \u201cSociotemporal rhythms in e\u2010mail: a case study\u201d, Time & Society, Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 39\u201049.","DOI":"10.1177\/0961463X05049949"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frohman, B. (1994), \u201cDiscourse analysis as a research method in library and information science\u201d, Library and Information Science Research, Vol. 16, pp. 119\u201038.","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-8188(94)90004-3"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giles, H. and Powesland, P. (1975), \u201cAccommodation theory\u201d, in Coupland, N. and Jaworski, A. (Eds), Sociolinguistics: A Reader, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 232\u20109.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-25582-5_19"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b19","unstructured":"Goffman, E. (1967), Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face to Face Behavior, Doubleday, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b20","unstructured":"Goldsmith, D. (1994), \u201cThe role of facework in supportive communication\u201d, in Burleson, B.R., Albrecht, T. and Sarason, I. (Eds), Communication of Social Support: Messages, Interactions, Relationships, and Community, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 29\u201049."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, D. (2000), \u201cSoliciting advice: the role of sequential placement in mitigating face threat\u201d, Communication Monographs, Vol. 67, pp. 1\u201019.","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750009376492"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, D. and MacGeorge, E. (2000), \u201cThe impact of politeness and relationship on perceived quality of advice about a problem\u201d, Human Communication Research, Vol. 26, pp. 234\u201063.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00757.x"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govier, T. (1997), Social Trust and Human Communities, McGill\u2010Queen's University Press, Montreal.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773566828"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hample, D. and Dallinger, J. (1990), \u201cArguers as editors\u201d, Argumentation, Vol. 4, pp. 153\u201069.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175420"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haugh, M. (2003), \u201cAnticipated versus inferred politeness\u201d, Multilingua, Vol. 22, pp. 397\u2010413.","DOI":"10.1515\/mult.2003.020"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herring, S. (2004), \u201cSlouching toward the ordinary: current trends in computer\u2010mediated communication\u201d, New Media & Society, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 26\u201036.","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444804039906"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b27","unstructured":"Janes, J. (2003), Introduction to Reference Work in the Digital Age, Neal\u2010Schuman, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joinson, A. (2004), \u201cSelf\u2010esteem, interpersonal risk, and preference for e\u2010mail to face\u2010to\u2010face communication\u201d, CyberPsychology & Behavior, Vol. 7, pp. 472\u20108.","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2004.7.472"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b61","unstructured":"Jourard, S. (1971), The Transparent Self, Van Nostrand and Co, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S. (2005), \u201cCollaborative interaction behaviors in an information technology problem\u2010solving context: cognitive movements of the helper and the helped\u201d, Journal of Information Science, Vol. 31, pp. 483\u201095.","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551505057008"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krohn, F. (2004), \u201cA generational approach to using emoticons as nonverbal communication\u201d, Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, Vol. 34, pp. 321\u20108.","DOI":"10.2190\/9EQH-DE81-CWG1-QLL9"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b31","unstructured":"Lankes, D. (2004), \u201cDigital reference research: fusing research and practice\u201d, Reference & User Services Quarterly, Vol. 44, pp. 320\u20106."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K. and Perry, S. (2004), \u201cStudent instant message use in a ubiquitous computing environment: effects of deficient self\u2010regulation\u201d, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, Vol. 48, pp. 399\u2010420.","DOI":"10.1207\/s15506878jobem4803_4"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee\u2010Wong, S. (2002), \u201cContextualizing intercultural communication and sociopragmatic choices\u201d, Multilingua, Vol. 21, pp. 79\u201099.","DOI":"10.1515\/mult.2002.005"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b64","unstructured":"Levy, D.A. and Nail, P.R. (1993), \u201cContagion: A theoretical and empirical review and reconceptualization\u201d, Genetic, Social and General Psychology Monographs, Vol. 119, pp. 235\u2010183."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, T.S. and Bowers, J. (1991), \u201cFacework: solidarity, approbation, and tact\u201d, Human Communication Research, Vol. 17, pp. 415\u201050.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00239.x"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b36","unstructured":"MARS (2004), \u201cGuidelines for implementing and maintaining virtual reference services\u201d, Reference and User Services Quarterly, Vol. 44, pp. 9\u201013, MARS Digital Reference Guideline Ad Hoc Committee, Reference and User Services Association, Association of College & Research Libraries, American Library Association."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacGeorge, E., Lichtman, R. and Pressey, L. (2002), \u201cThe evaluation of advice in supportive interactions: facework and contextual factors\u201d, Human Communication Research, Vol. 28, pp. 451\u201063.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00815.x"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumoto, D. (1989), \u201cCultural influences on the perception of emotion\u201d, Journal of Cross\u2010Cultural Psychology, Vol. 20, pp. 92\u2010105.","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022189201006"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mautner, G. (2005), \u201cTime to get wired: using web\u2010based corpora in critical discourse analysis\u201d, Discourse & Society, Vol. 16, pp. 809\u201028.","DOI":"10.1177\/0957926505056661"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meiners, E. B. and Miller, V. D. (2004), \u201cThe effect of formality and relational tone on supervisor\/subordinate negotiation episodes\u201d, Western Journal of Communication, Vol. 68 No. 3, pp. 302\u201021.","DOI":"10.1080\/10570310409374803"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b38","unstructured":"Mesthrie, R. (2000), \u201cClearing the ground\u201d, in Mesthrie, R., Swann, J., Deumert, A. and Leap, W. (Eds), In Introducing Sociolinguistics, John Benjamins Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1\u201043."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b39","unstructured":"Mesthrie, R., Swann, J., Deumert, A. and Leap, W. (2000), Introducing Sociolinguistics, John Benjamins Publishing, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mokros, H. and Aakhus, M. (2002), \u201cFrom information\u2010seeking behavior to meaning engagement practice: implications for communication theory and research\u201d, Human Communication Research, Vol. 28, pp. 298\u2010312.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00810.x"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morand, D. and Ocker, R. (2002), \u201cPoliteness theory and computer\u2010mediated communication: a sociolinguistic approach to analyzing relational messages\u201d, Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE, HICSS'03.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2003.1173660"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mursy, A. and Wilson, J. (2001), \u201cTowards a definition of egyptian complimenting\u201d, Multilingua, Vol. 20, pp. 133\u201054.","DOI":"10.1515\/MULTI.2001.006"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomerantz, J. (2005), \u201cA conceptual framework and open research questions for chat\u2010based reference service\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 56, pp. 1288\u2010302.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20215"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pomerantz, J., Liu, L. and McClure, C. (2006), \u201cPeer review of chat reference transcripts: approaches and strategies\u201d, Library and Information Science Research, Vol. 28, pp. 24\u201048.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lisr.2005.11.004"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez, A., Walther, J., Burgoon, J. and Sunnafrank, M. (2002), \u201cInformation\u2010seeking strategies, uncertainty, and computer\u2010mediated communication: toward a conceptual model\u201d, Human Communication Research, Vol. 28, pp. 213\u201028.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00804.x"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochlen, A., Beretvas, N. and Zack, J. (2004), \u201cThe online and face\u2010to\u2010face counseling attitudes scales\u201d, Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, Vol. 37, pp. 95\u2010111.","DOI":"10.1080\/07481756.2004.11909753"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodgers, J. (2004), \u201cDoreen Massey: space, relations, communications\u201d, Information, Communication & Society, Vol. 7, pp. 273\u201091.","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118042000232693"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seedhouse, P. (2005), \u201cConversation analysis as research methodology\u201d, in Richards, K. and Seedhouse, P. (Eds), Applying Conversation Analysis, Palgrave MacMillan, Houndmills, pp. 251\u201066.","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230287853_15"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b58","unstructured":"Selnick, S. (2002), \u201cAppropriate politeness in interactions with acquaintances and close friends: when is saying \u2018thank you\u2019 going too far?\u201d, paper presented at the 52nd International Communication Association conference, Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoffel, B. and Tucker, T. (2004), \u201cEmail and chat reference: assessing patron satisfaction\u201d, Reference Services Review, Vol. 32, pp. 120\u201040.","DOI":"10.1108\/00907320410537649"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, L. and Nadler, J. (2002), \u201cNegotiating via information technology: theory and applications\u201d, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 58 No. 1, pp. 109\u201024.","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00251"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b52","unstructured":"Watts, R. (2003), Politeness, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, S. and Kunkel, A. (2000), \u201cIdentity implications of influence goals: similarities in perceived face threats and facework across sex and close relationships\u201d, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, Vol. 19, pp. 195\u2010221.","DOI":"10.1177\/0261927X00019002002"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, S., Kim, M. and Meischke, H. (1991), \u201cEvaluating Brown and Levinson's politeness theory: a revised analysis of directives and face\u201d, Research on Language and Social Interaction, Vol. 25, pp. 215\u201052.","DOI":"10.1080\/08351819109389363"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooffitt, R. (2005), Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis: A Comparative and Critical Introduction, Sage, London.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849208765"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuo, F., Love, M. and Norwood, S. (2006), \u201cApplying RUSA guidelines in the analysis of chat reference transcripts\u201d, College & Undergraduate Libraries, Vol. 13, pp. 75\u201088.","DOI":"10.1300\/J106v13n01_09"},{"key":"key2022031419474117800_frd2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts, C. and Sarangi, S. (2005), \u201cTheme\u2010oriented discourse analysis of medical encounters\u201d, Medical Education, Vol. 39, pp. 632\u201040.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2929.2005.02171.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Documentation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00220410710827736","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220410710827736\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220410710827736\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:37:50Z","timestamp":1753400270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jd\/article\/63\/5\/638-658\/199678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00220410710827736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00220410710827736","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0418","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,11]]}}}