{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T12:54:45Z","timestamp":1776862485274,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]],"date-time":"2010-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is first to provide a critical conceptual discussion of different use of the notion of text, especially in the case of expressions including words as well as images, second to consider the notion of document as an alternative to the notion of text, and finally to lay out a theoretical ground for a broad discipline of documentation studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>The approach took the form of a conceptual analysis of a number of works in media and literary studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were found a number of cases of contradictory use of the notion of text within the same work, talking about text in a broad overall sense covering all media as well as text as a distinctive concept separating words from images, while it was found through a conceptual history of the notion of document that the latter notion not only covers a written paper, but multiple media.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>In future research, one should consider the use of document as the concept for the expressions as a whole and dedicate the notion of text solely for the verbal part of the expressions and make more empirical analysis within this conceptual framework to see if it makes a difference in practice to change the overall concept from text to document.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>Having a broad concept of document, it would be possible to be more flexible regarding the choose of proper media for documentation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>By making a critique of the notion of text and suggesting a broader concept of document as well as documentation, the paper provides a ground for reconsidering the classical disciplinary structure, divided into humanities as well as the information sciences and social sciences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00220411011066817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,11]],"date-time":"2010-09-11T07:02:03Z","timestamp":1284188523000},"page":"734-749","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Document, text and medium: concepts, theories and disciplines"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Niels","family":"Windfeld Lund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aarseth, E. (1997), Cybertext: Perspectives on Ergodic Literature, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801855788"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b3","unstructured":"Aarseth, E. (2001), \u201cComputer game studies, year one\u201d, Game Studies: The International Journal of Computer Game Research, Vol. 1 No. 1, available at: www.gamestudies.org\/0101\/editorial.html (accessed 19 July 2009)."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b1","unstructured":"Allen, J.H. and Greenough, J.B. (1975), New Latin Grammar, Aristide D Caratzas Pub., New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b4","unstructured":"Barthes, R. (1964\/1967), Elements of Semiology, The Noonday Press, New York, NY (translated from the French by Lavers, A. and Smith, C.)."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b5","unstructured":"Bohr, N. (1958), \u201cQuantum physics and philosophy: causality and complementarity\u201d, in Klibansky, R. (Ed.), Philosophy in Mid Century: A Survey, La Nuova Italia Editrice, Florence, pp. 308\u201014."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolter, J.D. (2001), Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext, and the Remediation of Print, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410600110"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b6","unstructured":"Bolter, J.D. and Grusin, R. (2000), Remediation: Understanding New Media, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b8","unstructured":"Buckland, M. (1998), \u201cWhat is a \u2018digital document\u2019?\u201d, Document Num\u00e9rique, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 221\u201030."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chandler, J. (2004), \u201cCritical disciplinarity\u201d, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 355\u201060.","DOI":"10.1086\/421132"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chartier, R. (2001), \u201cAfterword: materiality and meaning\u201d, Word & Image, Vol. 17 Nos 1\/2, pp. 181\u20103.","DOI":"10.1080\/02666286.2001.10435710"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b12","unstructured":"Derrida, J. (1972\/1981), \u201cSemiology and grammatology: interview with Julia Kristeva\u201d, in Derrida, J. (Ed.), Positions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (translated and annotated by Bass, A.)."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b13","unstructured":"Farkas\u2010Conn, I. (1990), From Documentation to Information Science: The Beginnings and Early Development of the American Documentation Institute, American Society for Information Science, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b11","unstructured":"Fowler, H.W. and Fowler, F.G. (Eds) (1964), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 5th ed., Clarendon Press, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frohmann, B. (2004), Deflating Information: From Science Studies to Documentation, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442673779"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b29","unstructured":"Glare, P.G.W. (Ed.) (1982), The Oxford Latin Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b15","unstructured":"Gunder, A. (2001), \u201cForming the text, performing the work\u2010aspects of media, navigation, and linking\u201d, Human IT, Vol. 2\/3, pp. 81\u2010206."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayles, N.K. (1999), How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics, Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226321394.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayles, N.K. (2000), \u201cFlickering connectivities in Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl: the importance of media\u2010specific analysis\u201d, Postmodern Culture, Vol. 10 No. 2, available at: http:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/journals\/pmc\/v010\/10.2hayles.html (accessed 22 July 2009).","DOI":"10.1353\/pmc.2000.0011"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayles, N.K. (2002), Writing Machines, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7328.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayles, N.K. (2003), \u201cTranslating media: why we should rethink textuality\u201d, The Yale Journal of Criticism, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 263\u201090.","DOI":"10.1353\/yale.2003.0018"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayles, N.K. (2004), \u201cPrint is flat, code is deep: the importance of media\u2010specific analysis\u201d, Poetics Today, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 67\u201090.","DOI":"10.1215\/03335372-25-1-67"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayles, N.K. (2005), My Mother was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts, Chicago University Press, Chicago, IL.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226321493.001.0001"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b21","unstructured":"Kress, G. and Leeuwen, T.v. (1996), Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design, Routledge, London."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b22","unstructured":"Kress, G. and Leeuwen, T.v. (2001), Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication, Hodder Arnold, London."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b23","unstructured":"Landow, G.P. (1997), Hypertext 2.0: The Convergence of Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larkin, G. and Pon, L. (2001), \u201cIntroduction: the materiality of printed words and images\u201d, Word & Image, Vol. 17 Nos 1\/2, pp. 1\u20106.","DOI":"10.1080\/02666286.2001.10435698"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b25","unstructured":"Lund, N.W. (2009), \u201cDocument theory\u201d, Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, Information Today, Medford, NJ, pp. 399\u2010432."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKenzie, D.F. (1986\/1999), Bibliography and the Sociology of Texts, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511483226"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, W.T.J. (2004), \u201cMedium theory: preface to the 2003 critical inquiry symposium\u201d, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 324\u201035.","DOI":"10.1086\/421127"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b28","unstructured":"Otlet, P. (1903\/1990), \u201cThe science of bibliography and documentation\u201d, in Otlet, P. (Ed.), International Organisation and Dissemination of Knowledge: Selected Papers of Paul Otlet, Elsevier, Amsterdam (translated and edited with an introduction by Rayward, W.B.)."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b31","unstructured":"Panofsky, E. (1955), Meaning of the Visual Arts, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b33","unstructured":"P\u00e9dauque, R.T. (2003), \u201cA pseudonym for a collective work made by a French Research Group, RTP\u2010DOC (Recherche Th\u00e9matique Pluridisciplinaire) at STIC\u2010CNRS\u201d: Document: Form, Sign and Medium as Reformulated for Electronic Documents, Version 3 (July), available at: http:\/\/archivesic.ccsd.cnrs.fr\/documents\/archives0\/00\/00\/05\/94\/sic_00000594_01\/sic_00000594 (accessed 7 July 2009)."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poovey, M. (2001), \u201cThe model system of contemporary literary criticism\u201d, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 408\u201038.","DOI":"10.1086\/449015"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b34","unstructured":"Rayward, W.B. (1992), \u201cRestructuring and mobilising information in documents: a historic perspective\u201d, in Vakkari, P. and Cronin, B. (Eds), Conceptions of Library and Information Science: Historical, Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, Taylor Graham, London, pp. 50\u201068."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayward, W.B. (1999), \u201cH.G. Wells's idea of a world brain: a critical re\u2010assessment\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 50, pp. 557\u201079.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:7<557::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b37","unstructured":"Renear, A. and Dubin, D. (2003), \u201cTowards identity conditions for digital documents\u201d, in Sutton, S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2003 Dublin Core Conference, Dublin, Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, Seattle, WA."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shillingsburg, P.L. (1997), Resisting Texts: Authority and Submission in Constructions of Meaning, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.15790"},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b30","unstructured":"Simpson, J. and Weiner, E. (Eds) (1989), The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b43","unstructured":"Tomi, M., Hord\u00e9, T., Tanet, C. and Rey, A. (Eds) (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue fran\u00e7aise, Le Robert, Paris."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_b39","unstructured":"Zacklad, M. (2004), \u201cDocuments for action (DofA): infrastructures for distributed collective practices\u201d, paper presented at the Workshop of the CSCW 2004 Conference, Chicago, IL, Distributed Collective Practice: Building New Directions for Infrastructural Studies, available at: www.limsi.fr\/Individu\/turner\/DCP\/Chicago2004\/Zacklad.pdf (accessed 20 July 2009)."},{"key":"key2022012120080101300_frd1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayward, W.B. (1997), \u201cThe origins of information science and the work of the International Institute of Bibliography\/International Federation for Documentation and Information (FID)\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 48, pp. 289\u2010300.","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199704)48:4<289::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-S"}],"container-title":["Journal of Documentation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00220411011066817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220411011066817\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00220411011066817\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:38:15Z","timestamp":1753400295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/jd\/article\/66\/5\/734-749\/204296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00220411011066817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00220411011066817","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0418","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,7]]}}}