{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T01:07:00Z","timestamp":1776733620503,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,19]],"date-time":"2010-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1287446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to explore the communicative rituals of opening and closing manifested in e\u2010mail\u2010based Internet Public Library's (IPL's) online reference interaction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 400 transcripts comprising user queries and responses by IPL librarians are examined. The opening and closing elements are identified to examine the way in which IPL librarians and users construct social space; that is, communicate their interpersonal and affective stances during the course of seeking and offering information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of data analysis show regular patterns of verbal and structural politeness indicators of opening and closing e\u2010mail discourse. Linguistic elements such as greetings and acknowledgement are included in all the sampled transcripts; i.e. a 100 percent occurrence. Closing rituals have a 95 percent occurrence of linguistic features such as acknowledgement and invitation for follow\u2010up. In contrast, there is a low occurrence of personalized openings through greeting by user name (26 percent). This lack of personalization also occurs in closings: personalized farewell through use of librarian name appears in only 8 percent of closings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The employment of the various politeness tactics in opening and closing reflects the librarian's attention and concern to user's information needs, interests and wants. Such communicative competence narrows social distance and brings forth close socio\u2010interpersonal space for interaction; this may, in turn, improve the overall quality of reference service. Research findings also indicate that more use of personal names may decrease the social distance between the librarian and user, resulting in increased solidarity and proximity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study provides new insights into linguistic politeness and the functions of address forms such as personal names with a view toward developing effective opening and closing rituals that contribute to the enhancement of virtual reference services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00220411011087823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,23]],"date-time":"2010-10-23T07:10:48Z","timestamp":1287817848000},"page":"807-823","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Opening and closing rituals of the virtual reference service of the Internet Public Library"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Jung\u2010ran","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guisu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022021920120870800_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, F. 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