{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:16:59Z","timestamp":1760984219860,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,18]],"date-time":"2011-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318896000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to consider the value of user\u2010assigned image tags by comparing the facets that are represented in image tags with those that are present in image queries to see if there is a similarity in the way that users describe and search for images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sample dataset was created by downloading a selection of images and associated tags from Flickr, the online photo\u2010sharing web site. The tags were categorised using image facets from Shatford's matrix, which has been widely used in previous research into image indexing and retrieval. The facets present in the image tags were then compared with the results of previous research into image queries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results reveal that there are broad similarities between the facets present in image tags and queries, with people and objects being the most common facet, followed by location. However, the results also show that there are differences in the level of specificity between tags and queries, with image tags containing more generic terms and image queries consisting of more specific terms. The study concludes that users do describe and search for images using similar image facets, but that measures to close the gap between specific queries and generic tags would improve the value of user tags in indexing image collections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research into tagging has tended to focus on textual resources with less research into non\u2010textual documents. In particular, little research has been undertaken into how user tags compare to the terms used in search queries, particularly in the context of digital images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00220411111183582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,22]],"date-time":"2011-10-22T07:09:32Z","timestamp":1319267372000},"page":"1038-1066","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Facets of user\u2010assigned tags and their effectiveness in image retrieval"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Ransom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Rafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022020120273558500_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ames, M. and Naaman, M. 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