{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:11:32Z","timestamp":1783613492809,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]],"date-time":"2011-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive literature review on the utilisation of intelligent agent technology in the library environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research papers since 1990 on the use of various intelligent agent technologies in libraries are divided into two main application areas: digital library (DL), including agent\u2010based DL projects, multi\u2010agent architecture for DLs, intelligent agents for distributed heterogeneous information retrieval and agent support to information search process in DLs; and services in traditional libraries, including user interface for library information systems, automatic reference services and multi\u2010agent architecture for library services. For each paper on the topic, its new ideas or models, referred work, analyses, experiments, findings and conclusions are addressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of the literature covers DLs and there have been fewer studies about services in traditional libraries. A variety of architecture, framework and models integrating agent technology in library systems or services are proposed, but only a few have been implemented in the practical environment. The application of agent technology is still at the research and experimentation stage. Agent technology has great potential in many areas in the library context; however it presents challenges to libraries that want to be involved in its adoption.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey has practical implications for libraries, librarians and computer professionals in developing projects that employ intelligent agent technology to meet end\u2010users' expectations as well as to improve information services within limited resources in library settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>The paper provides a comprehensive survey on the development and research of intelligent agents in libraries in literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/00330331111107411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,12]],"date-time":"2011-02-12T11:56:42Z","timestamp":1297511802000},"page":"78-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The application of intelligent agents in libraries: a survey"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Guoying","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam, N.R., Atluri, V. and Adiwijaya, I. (2000), \u201cSI in digital libraries\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43 No. 6, pp. 64\u201072.","DOI":"10.1145\/336460.336476"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b2","unstructured":"Ahad, A. (2005), \u201cNeva: a conversational agent based interface for library information systems\u201d, Master thesis, University of Lubeck, Lubeck."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b3","unstructured":"Andresen, D., Carver, L., Dolin, R., Fischer, C., Frew, J. and Goodchild, M. (1995), \u201cThe WWW prototype of the Alexandria Digital Library\u201d, Proceedings of ISDL'95: International Symposium on Digital Libraries, Tsukuba, August 22\u201325, pp. 17\u201027."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, M.J. (1989), \u201cThe design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface\u201d, Online Review, Vol. 13 No. 5, pp. 407\u201024.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb024320"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, M.J. (1990), \u201cWhere should the person stop and the information search interface start?\u201d, Information Processing & Management, Vol. 26 No. 5, pp. 575\u201091.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(90)90103-9"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgarten, C. (1999) in Gey, F., Hearst, M. and Tong, R. (Eds), \u201cA probabilistic solution to the selection and fusion problem in distributed information retrieval\u201d, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, August 15\u201019, 1999, Berkeley, CA, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 246\u201053.","DOI":"10.1145\/312624.312685"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belkin, N.J., Cool, C., Stein, A. and Thiel, U. (1995), \u201cCases, scripts, and information\u2010seeking strategies: on the design of interactive information retrieval systems\u201d, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 379\u201095.","DOI":"10.1016\/0957-4174(95)00011-W"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belkin, N.J., Marchetti, P.G. and Cool, C. (1993), \u201cBRAQUE: design of an interface to support user interaction in information retrieval\u201d, Information Processing and Management, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 325\u201044.","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(93)90059-M"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bickmore, T. and Cassell, J. (2001) in Beaudouin\u2010Lafon, M. and Jacob, R.J.K. (Eds), \u201cRelational agents: a model and implementation of building user trust\u201d, Proceedings of ACM CHI 2001 Conference Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference, Seattle, WA, March 31\u2013April 5, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 396\u2010403.","DOI":"10.1145\/365024.365304"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b11","unstructured":"Birmingham, W., Durfee, E., Mullen, T. and Wellman, M. (1995), \u201cThe distributed agent architecture of the University of Michigan digital library\u201d, Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Gathering in Heterogeneous, Distributed Environments, AAAI Press, Stanford, CA, pp. 98\u2010108."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Birmingham, W.P. (1995), \u201cAn agent\u2010based architecture for digital libraries\u201d, D\u2010Lib Magazine, Vol. 1 No. 1, available at: www.dlib.org\/dlib\/July95\/07birmingham.html (accessed August 7, 2010).","DOI":"10.1045\/july95-birmingham"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, A.P. (1998), \u201cDigital libraries and knowledge disaggregation: the use of journal article components\u201d, Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries, June 23\u201026, Pittsburgh, PA, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 29\u201039.","DOI":"10.1145\/276675.276679"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brajnik, G., Mizzaro, S. and Tasso, C. (1996) in Frei, H.P., Harman, D., Schauble, P. and Wilkinson, R. (Eds), \u201cEvaluating user interfaces to information retrieval systems: a case study on user support\u201d, Proceedings of the 19th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Zurich, August 18\u201022, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 128\u201036.","DOI":"10.1145\/243199.243249"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brajnik, G., Mizzaro, S., Tasso, C. and Venuti, F. (2002), \u201cStrategic help in user interfaces for information retrieval\u201d, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 53 No. 5, pp. 343\u201058.","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.10035"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Callan, J., Lu, Z. and Croft, W. (1995) in Fox, E.A., Ingwersen, P. and Fidel, R. (Eds), \u201cSearching distributed collections with inference networks\u201d, Proceedings of the 18th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, July 9\u201313, Seattle, WA, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 21\u20109.","DOI":"10.1145\/215206.215328"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canamero, L. and Gaussier, P. (2005), \u201cEmotion understanding: robots as tools and models\u201d, in Nadel, J. and Muir, D. (Eds), Emotional Development: Recent Research Advances, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 235\u201058.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198528845.003.0009"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, C., Garcia\u2010Molina, H. and Paepche, A. (1999), \u201cPredicate rewriting for translating Boolean queries in a heterogeneous information system\u201d, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 1\u201039.","DOI":"10.1145\/297117.297120"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b18","unstructured":"Chau, M., Zeng, D. and Chen, H. (2001), \u201cPersonalized spider for web search and analysis\u201d, Proceedings of the 1st ACM\/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, JCDL 2001, Roanoke, VA, June 24\u201028, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 79\u201087."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b19","unstructured":"Choo, C.W., Detlor, B. and Turnbull, D. (1998) in Preston, C.M. (Ed.), \u201cA behavioral model of information seeking on the web: preliminary results of a study of how managers and IT specialists use the web\u201d, Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science, 25\u201029 October 1998, Pittsburgh, PA, Information Today, Medford, NJ, pp. 290\u2010302."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b20","unstructured":"Choo, C.W., Detlor, B. and Turnbull, D. (1999), \u201cInformation seeking on the web: an integrated model of browsing and searching\u201d, Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science, October 31\u2010November 4, Washington, DC, Information Today, Medford, NJ, pp. 3\u201016."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choo, C.W., Detlor, B. and Turnbull, D. (2000), Web Work: Information Seeking and Knowledge Work on the World Wide Web, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9405-9"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christel, M. and Martin, D. (1998), \u201cInformation visualization within a digital video library\u201d, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 235\u201057.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008638024786"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b23","unstructured":"Daffodil (2009), Daffodil \u2013 Distributed Agents for User\u2010Friendly Access of Digital Libraries, available at: www.daffodil.de\/ (accessed August 7, 2010)."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b24","unstructured":"Dale, J. (1997), \u201cA mobile agent architecture for distributed resource information management\u201d, PhD thesis, University of Southampton, Southampton."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dent, V., Harris, S., Hall, W. and Martinez, K. (2001), \u201cAgent technology concepts in a heterogeneous distributed searching environment\u201d, VINE: The Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 55\u201063.","DOI":"10.1108\/03055720010804032"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dent, V.F. (2007), \u201cIntelligent agent concepts in the modern library\u201d, Library Hi Tech, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 108\u201025.","DOI":"10.1108\/07378830710735894"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detlor, B. and Arsenault, C. (2002), \u201cWeb information seeking and retrieval in digital library contexts: towards an intelligent agent solution\u201d, Online Information Review, Vol. 26 No. 6, pp. 404\u201012.","DOI":"10.1108\/14684520210452736"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b28","unstructured":"Detlor, B. and Sproule, S. (2002) in Amami, M., Limayem, M. and Rodhain, F. (Eds), \u201ceShopping and the display of web\u2010based product information\u201d, Proceedings of the 7th Association of Information Management Conference, May 30\u2010June 1, Hammamet."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b29","unstructured":"Erno, M., Saija, P. and Roope, R. (2002) in Bertelsen, O.W., Bodker, S. and Kuutti, K. (Eds), \u201cExperiences on a multimodal information kiosk with an interactive agent\u201d, Proceedings of the Second Nordic Conference on Human\u2010computer Interaction, Aarhus, October 19\u201023, ACM, New York NY, pp. 273\u20106."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b30","unstructured":"Fensel, D. (2001), Ontologies: A Silver Bullet for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce, Springer, Berlin."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferguson, I.A. and Wooldridge, M.J. (1997), \u201cPaying their way: commercial digital libraries for 21st century\u201d, D\u2010Lib Magazine, Vol. 3 No. 6, available at: www.dlib.org\/dlib\/june97\/zuno\/06ferguson.html (accessed August 7, 2010).","DOI":"10.1045\/june97-ferguson"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frew, J., Freeston, M., Freitas, N., Hill, L., Janee, G. and Lovette, K. (1998) in Nikolaou, C. and Stephanidis, C. (Eds), \u201cThe Alexandria digital library architecture\u201d, Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, September 21\u201023, Springer, London, pp. 61\u201074.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49653-X_5"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuhr, N. (1999a), \u201cA decision\u2010theoretic approach to database selection in networked IR\u201d, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, Vol. 17 No. 3, pp. 229\u201049.","DOI":"10.1145\/314516.314517"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuhr, N. (1999b), \u201cTowards data abstraction in networked information retrieval systems\u201d, Information Processing & Management, Vol. 35 No. 2, pp. 101\u201019.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00009-6"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b36","unstructured":"Fuhr, N. and Klas, C. (2001), \u201cCombining RDF and agent\u2010based architectures for semantic interoperability in digital libraries\u201d, Proceedings of the DELOS\u2010Workshop on Interoperability in Digital Libraries, September 8\u20109, GMD\u2010IPSI, Darmstadt."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b35","unstructured":"Fuhr, N., Govert, N. and Klas, C. (2000), \u201cAn agent\u2010based architecture for supporting high\u2010level search activities in federated digital libraries\u201d, ICADL 2000: Challenging to Knowledge Exploring for New Millennium: Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Asian Digital Library, 6\u20108 December, Seoul, pp. 247\u201054."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia\u2010Molina, H., Papakonstantinou, Y., Quass, D., Rajaraman, A., Sagiv, Y., Ullman, J. and Vassalos, V. (1997), \u201cThe TSIMMIS approach to mediation: data models and languages\u201d, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 117\u201032.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008683107812"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b38","unstructured":"Gauch, S., Wang, G. and Gomez, M. (1996), \u201cProfusion: intelligent fusion from multiple, distributed search engines\u201d, Journal of Universal Computer Science, Vol. 2 No. 9, pp. 637\u201049."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b39","unstructured":"Hiroshi, I. and Brygg, U. (1997) in Pemberton, S. (Ed.), \u201cTangible bits: towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms\u201d, Proceedings of the ACM CHI 97Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference, Atlanta, GA, March 22\u201027, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 234\u201041."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hostler, R.E., Yoon, V.Y. and Guimaraes, T. (2005), \u201cAssessing the impact of internet agent on end\u2010users' performance\u201d, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 41, pp. 313\u201023.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2004.07.002"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isbister, K., Nakanishi, H., Ishida, T. and Nass, C. (2000), \u201cHelper agent: designing an assistant for human\u2010human interaction in a virtual meeting space\u201d, Proceedings of the International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems \u2013 CHI'00, The Hague, April 1\u20106, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 57\u201064.","DOI":"10.1145\/332040.332407"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishida, T. (2002), \u201cDigital City Kyoto: social information infrastructure for everyday life\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 45, pp. 76\u201081.","DOI":"10.1145\/514236.514238"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b43","unstructured":"Jung, B., Ahad, A. and Weber, M. (2005), \u201cThe affective virtual patient: an e\u2010learning tool for social interaction training within the medical field\u201d, Proceedings of TESI 2005 \u2013 Training Education & Simulation International Conference, March 22\u201024, Maastricht."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b44","unstructured":"Klas, C.P., Kriewel, S. and Hemmje, M. (2008) in Joho, H., Hopfgartner, F., Jose, J.M. and Rijsbergen, C.J. (Eds), \u201cAn experimental system for adaptive services in information retrieval\u201d, Proceedings of Second International Workshop on Adaptive Information, AIR 2008, London, 18 October, pp. 21\u20104."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klusch, M. (2001), \u201cInformation agent technology for the internet: a survey\u201d, Data & Knowledge Engineering, Vol. 36, pp. 337\u201072.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(00)00049-5"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klusch, M., Berfamaschi, S., Edwards, P. and Petta, P. (Eds.) (2003), Intelligent Information Agent: The AgentLink Perspective, Springer, Berlin.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-36561-3"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kriewel, S. and Fuhr, N. (2007) in Goh, D.H\u2010L., Cao, T.H., Solvberg, I.T. and Rasmussen, E. (Eds), \u201cAdaptive search suggestions for digital libraries\u201d, Digital Libraries \u2010 Looking Back 10 Years and Forging New Frontiers, 10th Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 2007, Hanoi, December, Springer\u2010Verlag, Berlin, pp. 220\u2010229.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77094-7_31"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b48","unstructured":"Lander, S. and Lesser, V. (1994), \u201cSharing meta\u2010information to guide cooperative search among heterogeneous reusable agents\u201d, Technical Report, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, pp. 94\u2010141."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b49","unstructured":"Landwich, P., Vogel, T., Klas, C.P. and Hemmje, M. (2008) in Harorimana, D. and Watkins, D. (Eds), \u201cSupporting patent retrieval in the context of innovation\u2010processes by means of information visualization\u201d, Proceedings of ECKM 2008: the 9th European Conference on Knowledge Management, Southampton, 4\u20105 September, Academic Publishing, Bury St Edmunds, pp. 389\u201098."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b50","unstructured":"Lanks, D. (1999), The Virtual Reference Desk: Question Interchange Profile, ERIC Clearinghouse on Information & Technology, Syracuse, NY."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b51","unstructured":"Liu, L., Pu, C. and Han, W. (2000), \u201cXWRAP: an XML\u2010enabled wrapper construction system for web information sources\u201d, Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Data Engineering, 28 February \u2013 3 March, 2000, San Diego, CA, IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 611\u201021."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, L., Wu, M., Xiong, L., Niu, Z. and Song, H. (2007), \u201cCooperative work for agent\u2010based heterogeneous information integrated retrieval in digital libraries\u201d, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, April 26\u201028, Melbourne, pp. 395\u20109.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2007.4281468"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lohani, M. and Jeevan, V.K.J. (2007), \u201cIntelligent software agents for library applications\u201d, Library Management, Vol. 28 No. 3, pp. 139\u201051.","DOI":"10.1108\/01435120710727983"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maes, P. (1994), \u201cAgents that reduce work and information overload\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 37 No. 7, pp. 30\u201040.","DOI":"10.1145\/176789.176792"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maes, P. (1995), \u201cArtificial life meets entertainment: lifelike autonomous agents\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 38 No. 11, pp. 108\u201014.","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219808"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b56","unstructured":"Medina, M.A. and S\u00e1nchez, J.A. (2002), \u201cAgents at the reference desk: serving information needs and constructing knowledge for wide communities of users\u201d, Proceedings of Memorias del XII Congreso Internacional de Electr\u00f3nica, Comunicaciones y Computadoras, Conielecomp February, Acapulco, pp. 74\u20108."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b55","unstructured":"Medina, M.A., Chavez, J. and Benitez, A. (2003) in Chaves, E., Favela, J., Mejia, M. and Oliart, A. (Eds), \u201cInclusion of reference agents in a virtual reference environment\u201d, Proceedings of the Fourth Mexican International Conference on Computer Science ENC2003, Tlaxcala, Mexico, 8\u201012 September, IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 246\u201051."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina, M.A., S\u00e1nchez, J.A. and Castellanos, N. (2004), \u201cOntological agents model based on MAS\u2010CommonKADS methodology\u201d, Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Computers CONIELECOMP 2004, Veracruz, Mexico, 16\u201018 February, IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 260\u20103.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECC.2004.1269583"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b90","unstructured":"Michael, K., Dominik, H. and Antonio, K. (2005), \u201cAdaptive multimodal presentation of multimedia content in museum scenarios\u201d, Kuenstiliche Intelligenz, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 56\u20109."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b59","unstructured":"Minami, T. (2003), \u201cAn approach towards library automation with IC\u2010tags\u201d, Bulletin of Kyushu Institute of Information Sciences, Vol. 5 No. 1."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minami, T. (2005) in Ishida, T., Gasser, L. and Nakashima, H. (Eds), \u201cNeeds and benefits of massively multi book agent systems for u\u2010libraries\u201d, Proceedings of Massively Multi\u2010agent Systems I, First International Workshop, MMAS 2004, Kyoto, December 10\u201011, Springer\u2010Verlag, Berlin, pp. 239\u201053.","DOI":"10.1007\/11512073_18"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minami, T. (2008) in Nguyen, N.T., Jo, G.S., Howlett, R.J. and Jain, L.C. (Eds), \u201cLibrary services as multi agent system\u201d, Proceedings of Agent and Multi\u2010Agent Systems: Technologies and Applications, 2nd KES International Symposium, KES\u2010AMSTA 2008, Incheon, March 26\u201028, Springer\u2010Verlag, Berlin, pp. 222\u201031.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78582-8_23"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nwana, H.S. and Ndumu, D.T. (1999), \u201cA perspective on software agents research\u201d, The Knowledge Engineering Review, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 1\u201018.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888999142012"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paepche, A., Baldonado, M., Chang, C., Cousins, S. and Garcia\u2010Molina, H. (1999), \u201cUsing distributed objects to build the Stanford digital library InfoBus\u201d, Computer, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 80\u20107.","DOI":"10.1109\/2.745724"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pelletier, S.J., Pierre, S. and Hoang, H.H. (2003), \u201cModeling a multi\u2010agent system for retrieving information from distributed sources\u201d, Journal of Computing and Information Technology, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 15\u201039.","DOI":"10.2498\/cit.2003.01.02"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b65","unstructured":"Persson, P. (1999), \u201cAGNETA & FRIDA: a narrative experience of the web?\u201d Proceedings of the AAAI, Fall Symposium on Narrative Intelligence, North Falmouth, MA, 4\u20108 November."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b66","unstructured":"Pomerantz, J. and Silverstein, J. (2001) in Lankes, R.D. (Ed.), \u201cThe importance of ontology: standards for a referral tool\u201d Implementing Digital Reference Services: Setting Standards and Making It Real, Proceedings of the Third Annual Virtual Reference Desk (VRD) Conference, Orlando, FL, 11\u201013 November, Neal\u2010Schuman, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b67","unstructured":"Poole, D., Mackworth, A. and Goebel, R. (1998), Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasmusson, A., Olsson, A. and Hansen, P. (1998) in Nikolaou, C. and Stephanidis, C. (Eds), \u201cA virtual community library: SICS digital library infrastructure project, research and advanced technology for digital libraries\u201d, Proceedings of Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, Second European Conference, ECDL '98, Heraklion, Crete, September 21\u201023, Springer, Berlin, pp. 677\u20108.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49653-X_58"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizzo, R., Arrigo, M. and Munna, E. (1998) in Maurer, H. and Olson, R. (Eds), \u201cEDGES server: developing and educational distributed agent system\u201d, Proceedings of WebNet 98: the 3rd World Conference of the WWW, Internet, and Intranet, Orlando, FL, November 7\u201012, Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, Charlottesville, VA, pp. 6\u201012.","DOI":"10.1108\/al.1998.17307dab.011"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b70","unstructured":"Russell, S. and Norvig, P. (2003), Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b71","unstructured":"Saavedra, A. (2003), \u201cArquitectura para federaci\u00f3n de bases de datos documentales basada en ontolog\u00edas\u201d, PhD thesis, Universidade Da Coru\u00f1a, Coru\u00f1a."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, J.A. and Leggett, J.J. (1997), \u201cAgent services for users of digital libraries\u201d, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Vol. 20, pp. 45\u201058.","DOI":"10.1006\/jnca.1996.0038"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanchez, J.A., Garcia, A.J., Proal, C. and Fernandez, L. (2001), \u201cEnabling the collaborative construction and reuse of knowledge through a virtual reference environment\u201d, Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Groupware, Darmstadt, 6\u20108 September, IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 90\u20107.","DOI":"10.1109\/CRIWG.2001.951810"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b74","unstructured":"Sanchez, J.A., Munoz, S.N., Ramirez, L.F. and Duenas, G.C. (2002), \u201cDistributed information retrieval from web\u2010accessible digital libraries using mobile agents\u201d, Upgrade, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 37\u201043."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaefer, A., Jordan, M., Klas, C. and Fuhr, N. (2005) in Rauber, A., Christodoukalis, C. and Tjoa, A. (Eds), \u201cActive support for query formulation in virtual digital libraries: a case study with DAFFODIL\u201d, Proceedings of the European Conference on Digital Libraries (ECDL 2005): Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries, Vienna, September 18\u201023, Springer\u2010Verlag, Berlin, pp. 414\u201025.","DOI":"10.1007\/11551362_37"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schatz, B.R., Cochrane, P.A., Chen, H. and Johnson, E.H. (1996) in Fox, E.A. and Marchionini, G. (Eds), \u201cInteractive term suggestion for users of digital libraries: using subject thesauri and co\u2010occurrence lists for information retrieval\u201d, Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Conference on Digital Libraries, Bethesda, MD, 20\u201023 March, pp. 126\u201033.","DOI":"10.1145\/226931.226956"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, X., Zhao, Y. and Dong, X. (2007) in Li, A. (Ed.), \u201cAgent based mediation architecture for federated digital library services\u201d, Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Asia\u2010Pacific Services Computing Conference, December 11\u201014, Tsukuba Science City, IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, pp. 375\u201081.","DOI":"10.1109\/APSCC.2007.9"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b78","unstructured":"The eLib Programme Office (1998), MALIBU: an eLib Project, available at: www.ukoln.ac.uk\/services\/elib\/projects\/malibu\/ (accessed August 7, 2010)."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b79","unstructured":"University of Michigan (1996), University of Michigan Digital Library Project, available at: www.si.umich.edu\/UMDL\/ (accessed March 1, 2010)."},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voorhees, E., Gupta, N. and Johnson\u2010Laird, B. (1995) in Fox, E.A., Ingwersen, P. and Fidel, R. (Eds), \u201cLearning collection fusion strategies\u201d, Proceedings of the 18th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 9\u201013 July, Seattle, WA, ACM, New York, NY, 172\u20109.","DOI":"10.1145\/215206.215357"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiederhold, G. (1991), \u201cMediators in the architecture of future information systems\u201d, IEEE Computer Magazine, Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 38\u201049.","DOI":"10.1109\/2.121508"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilensky, R. (1995), \u201cUC Berkeley's Digital Library project\u201d, Communications of ACM, Vol. 38 No. 4, p. 60.","DOI":"10.1145\/205323.205339"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wook, B.J., Tae, K.G. and Young, Y.H. (2001), \u201cTimed mobile agent planning for distributed information retrieval\u201d, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Autonomous Agents, Montreal, Quebec, 28 May\u20101 June, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 120\u20101.","DOI":"10.1145\/375735.376021"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooldridge, M. and Jennings, N.R. (1995), \u201cIntelligent agents: theory and practice\u201d, Knowledge Engineering Review, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 115\u201052.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888900008122"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wooldridge, M., Jennings, N.R. and Kinny, D. (2009), \u201cThe Gaia methodology for agent\u2010oriented analysis and design\u201d, Autonomous Agents and Multi\u2010agent Systems, Vol. 3, pp. 285\u2010312.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010071910869"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Rana, O.F., Walker, D.W., Georgousopoulos, C., Aloisio, G. and Williams, R. (2002), \u201cAgent based data management in digital libraries\u201d, Parallel Computing, Vol. 28, pp. 773\u201092.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8191(02)00099-6"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Rana, O.F., Walker, D.W., Williams, R., Georgousopoulos, C., Caffaro, M. and Aloisio, G. (2005), \u201cAn agent infrastructure for on\u2010demand processing of remote\u2010sensing archives\u201d, International Journal of Digital Libraries, Vol. 5, pp. 12\u2010132.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00799-003-0054-8"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zalta, N.E., Allen, C. and Nodelman, U. (2001), \u201cStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: a dynamic reference work\u201d, Proceedings of the first ACM\/IEEE \u2013 CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries: ACM\/IEEE\u2010CS '01, Roanoke, VA, 24\u201028 June, ACM, New York, NY, pp. 457\u201077.","DOI":"10.1145\/379437.379789"},{"key":"key2022032020434658200_frg1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina, M.A., S\u00e1nchez, J.A. and Chavez, J. (2004) in Favela, J., Menasalvas, E. and Chavez, E. (Eds), \u201cDesigning ontological agents: an alternative to improve information retrieval in federated digital libraries\u201d, Proceedings of Advances in Web Intelligence, Second International Atlantic Web Intelligence Conference, AWIC 2004, Canc\u00fan M\u00e9xico, 16\u201019 May, Springer\u2010Verlag, New York, NY, pp. 155\u201063.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24681-7_18"}],"container-title":["Program"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/00330331111107411","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00330331111107411\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/00330331111107411\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:55:50Z","timestamp":1753401350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/dta\/article\/45\/1\/78-97\/324515"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/00330331111107411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/00330331111107411","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-0337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-0337","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,15]]}}}