{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T22:26:27Z","timestamp":1759530387707,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]],"date-time":"2005-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1122854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Top\u2010face control of weld penetration in TIG welding is required for fully automated systems to overcome variations in the welding process and fixturing systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper presents a system based upon based on the real\u2010time vision measurement and control of the upper surface or \u201ctopface\u201d weld pool size. The primary objective has been to demonstrate the feasibility of using vision\u2010based image processing to provide measurements and the subsequent control of upper bead weld geometrical properties during the weld formation or molten phase and correlate this to the backface weld bead size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vision based measurement of the upper surface of the weld pool can be used, in real\u2010time, to control the weld pool size. This allows more uniform weld penetration to be achieved in the presence of disturbances.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The system requires that the pool edges can be accurately identified using a correlation method. This requires images with good contrast between the weld pool and the workpiece.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>The system is applicable to both continuous and pulsed TIG welding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>A novel reference feature correlation\u2010based image analysis algorithm has been developed that may be configured to operate with a number of different welding processes. The issues of system integration, i.e. interfacing the system with legacy welding equipment are also discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910510600209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,28]],"date-time":"2005-06-28T03:19:29Z","timestamp":1119928769000},"page":"334-340","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Real\u2010time top\u2010face vision based control of weld pool size"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Balfour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2022031219515052500_b12","unstructured":"Balfour, C. and Smith, J.S. (2002), \u201cController area network (CAN) applied to welding systems\u201d, Proc. 12th Int. 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(2003), \u201cPrediction of welding parameters for pipeline welding using an intelligent system\u201d, Int. Jnl. of Adv. Man. Tech., Vol. 22 Nos 9\/10, pp. 713\u201019.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-003-1589-y"},{"key":"key2022031219515052500_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, H., Devanathan, R., Wang, J., Chen, X. and Sun, Z. (2002), \u201cVision based neurofuzzy logic control of weld pool geometry\u201d, Sci. and Tech. of Welding and Joi., Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 321\u20105.","DOI":"10.1179\/136217102225006813"},{"key":"key2022031219515052500_b10","unstructured":"Phillips, C.L. and Nagle, H.T. (1995), Digital Control System Analysis and Design, 3rd ed., Prentice\u2010Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ."},{"key":"key2022031219515052500_b9","unstructured":"Sonka, M., Hlavac, V. and Boyle, R. (1999), Image Processing Analysis and Machine Vision, 2nd ed., Chapter 5, PWS publishing, Boston, MA."},{"key":"key2022031219515052500_b8","unstructured":"Weiskamp, J., Johnson, N., Gault, F. and Florence, M. (1994), How to Digitize Video, Chapter 2, Wiley, New York, NY."},{"key":"key2022031219515052500_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.M. and Kovacevic, R. (1998), \u201cNeurofuzzy model\u2010based predictive control of weld fusion zone geometry\u201d, IEEE Trans on Fuzzy Sys, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 389\u2010401.","DOI":"10.1109\/91.705507"},{"key":"key2022031219515052500_b4","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Houghton, M.A., Balfour, C., Smith, J.S. and Lucas, J. (1998), \u201cReal time image processing for penetration control in automated welding\u201d, Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Computer Technology in Welding, June."},{"key":"key2022031219515052500_b7","unstructured":"Zhao, D.B., Chen, S.B., Wu, L., Dai, M. and Chen, Q. (2001), \u201cIntelligent control for the shape of the weld pool in pulsed GTAW with filler metal\u201d, Weld Jnl., Vol. 80 No. 11, pp. 253\u201060."}],"container-title":["Industrial Robot: An International Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/01439910510600209\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/01439910510600209\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:49:55Z","timestamp":1753400995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ir\/article\/32\/4\/334-340\/183613"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"J.","family":"Nobertro Pires","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/01439910510600209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/01439910510600209","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-991X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0143-991X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]]}}}