{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T17:56:03Z","timestamp":1754157363692,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]],"date-time":"2010-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1268006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to provide a technical insight into recent developments in brain\u2010computer interface (BCI) technology and its applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following an introduction to BCI, this paper considers the different means of detecting brain waves and then discusses a number of BCI development programmes and applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Invasive, partially invasive and non\u2010invasive BCI techniques are the topic of extensive study and aim to allow the control of external devices by human thought. Invasive BCIs are being applied to patients suffering paralysis and requiring cranial surgery and aim to restore movement or impart other functions such as the operation of robotic arms or communication. Wireless invasive microelectrode arrays are under development. Of the non\u2010invasive techniques, electroencephalography is attracting the greatest interest and is being applied to a range of military and healthcare uses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title><jats:p>This paper provides an introduction to BCI technology and a review of recent research and a number of key applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/01439911011018894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,20]],"date-time":"2010-02-20T07:02:18Z","timestamp":1266649338000},"page":"126-132","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Brain\u2010computer interfaces: control by thought"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Bogue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2021010619440860300_b1","unstructured":"Bell, C.J., Shenoy, P., Chalodhorn, R. and Rao, R.P.N. (2008), \u201cControl of a humanoid robot by a noninvasive brain\u2010computer interface in humans\u201d, Journal of Neural Engineering, Vol. 5, pp. 214\u201020."},{"key":"key2021010619440860300_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D'Zmura, M., Deng, S., Lappas, T., Thorpe, S. and Srinivasan, R. (2009), \u201cToward EEG sensing of imagined speech\u201d, in Jacko, J.A. (Ed.), Human\u2010Computer Interaction, Part I, Proceeding of the HCII 2009, pp. 40\u20108.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02574-7_5"},{"key":"key2021010619440860300_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kellis, S.S., House, P.A., Thomson, K.E., Brown, R. and Greger, B. (2009), \u201cHuman neocortical electrical activity recorded on nonpenetrating microwire arrays: applicability for neuroprostheses\u201d, Neurosurgical Focus, Vol. 27, p. E9.","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.4.FOCUS0974"},{"key":"key2021010619440860300_b4","unstructured":"Song, Y.K., Borton, D.A., Park, S., Patterson, W.R., Bull, C.W., Laiwalla, F., Mislow, J., Simeral, J.D., Donoghue, J.P. and Nurmikko, A.V. (2009), \u201cActive microelectronic neurosensor arrays for implantable brain communication interfaces\u201d, IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, Vol. 17, pp. 339\u201045."},{"key":"key2021010619440860300_b5","unstructured":"Vidal, J.J. (1973), \u201cToward direct brain\u2010computer communication\u201d, Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Vol. 2, pp. 157\u201080."}],"container-title":["Industrial Robot: An International Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/01439911011018894","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/01439911011018894\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/01439911011018894\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:50:33Z","timestamp":1753401033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/ir\/article\/37\/2\/126-132\/181573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]]},"references-count":5,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/01439911011018894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/01439911011018894","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-991X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0143-991X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]]}}}