{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:48:05Z","timestamp":1791236885613,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Emerald","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/site-policies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The growing interest in e\u2010government raises the question of stages in e\u2010government development. A few stage models for e\u2010government have been proposed. Without a common e\u2010government stage model, different research in e\u2010government may be based on different stage models. This presents a difficulty in comparing and understanding different research results. In this research, we synthesize the existing e\u2010government stage models so that there is a common frame of reference for researchers and practitioners in the area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Design\/methodology\/approach<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research utilizes a qualitative meta\u2010synthesis methodology to synthesize different e\u2010government stage models. The meta\u2010synthesis follows the steps used in meta\u2010ethnography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five different e\u2010government stage models were used in this research. We translated the stages within different models into one another and developed a new e\u2010government stage model. The new e\u2010government stage model has the following five stages: web presence, interaction, transaction, transformation, and e\u2010democracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Research limitations\/implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The paper contributes to e\u2010government theory development. The new five\u2010stage model provides a synthesized conceptual framework for researchers to evaluate and understand e\u2010government development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Practical implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The synthesized e\u2010government stage model presents a road map for practitioners to follow in their e\u2010government projects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title content-type=\"abstract-heading\">Originality\/value<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research uses an innovative and new research methodology to synthesize the existing research. It is one of the first research in the information systems area to make use of meta\u2010synthesis approach to consolidate the existing qualitative research. This paper is also one of the one papers to systematically come up with an e\u2010government stage model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570510592352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,23]],"date-time":"2005-05-23T21:17:38Z","timestamp":1116883058000},"page":"443-458","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":256,"title":["Synthesizing e\u2010government stage models \u2013 a meta\u2010synthesis based on meta\u2010ethnography approach"],"prefix":"10.1108","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Keng","family":"Siau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"140","reference":[{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b1","unstructured":"Baum, C. and Di Maio, A. (2000), Gartner's Four Phases of E\u2010Government Model, Gartner Group, Research Note, available at: http:\/\/aln.hha.dk\/IFI\/Hdi\/2001\/ITstrat\/Download\/Gartner_eGovernment.pdf. (accessed 5 October 2003)."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, C. (2002), \u201cMothering multiples: a meta\u2010synthesis of the qualitative research\u201d, MCN, The American Journal of Maternal Chile Nursing, Vol. 27 No. 4, pp. 282\u20107.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005721-200207000-00004"},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemmens, D. (2003), \u201cAdolescent motherhood: a meta\u2010synthesis of qualitative studies\u201d, MCN, The American Journal of Maternal\/Child Nursing, Vol. 28 No. 2, pp. 93\u20109.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005721-200303000-00010"},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b6","unstructured":"Davidrajuh, R. (2003), \u201cRealizing a new e\u2010commerce tool for formation of a virtual enterprise\u201d, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 103 Nos 5\/6, pp. 434\u201045."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b7","unstructured":"Deloitte and Touche (2001), \u201cThe citizen as customer\u201d, CMA Management, Vol. 74 No. 10, p. 58."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b8","unstructured":"Erickson, J. and Siau, K. (2003), \u201cE\u2010education\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46 No. 9, pp. 134\u201040."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b9","unstructured":"Frank, L. (2004), \u201cArchitecture for integration of distributed ERP systems and e\u2010commerce systems\u201d, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 104 Nos 5\/6, pp. 418\u201029."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b11","unstructured":"Hiller, J. and B\u00e9langer, F. (2001), Privacy Strategies for Electronic Government, E\u2010Government Series, PricewaterhouseCoopers Endowment for the Business of Government, Arlington, VA."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b12","unstructured":"Layne, K. and Lee, J. (2001), \u201cDeveloping fully functional e\u2010government: a four stage model\u201d, Government Information Quarterly, Vol. 18 No. 2, pp. 122\u201036."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S. and Siau, K. (2001), \u201cA review of data mining techniques\u201d, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 101 No. 1, pp. 41\u20106.","DOI":"10.1108\/02635570110365989"},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b15","unstructured":"Moon, M.J. (2002), \u201cThe evolution of e\u2010government among municipalities: rhetoric or reality?\u201d, Public Administration Review, Vol. 62 No. 4, pp. 424\u201033."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b17","unstructured":"Nah, F., Siau, K. and Sheng, H. (2005), \u201cThe value of mobile applications: a utility company study\u201d, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 48 No. 2, pp. 85\u201090."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noblit, G.W. and Hare, R.D. (1988), Meta\u2010Ethnography: Synthesizing Qualitative Studies, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985000"},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pielstick, C.D. (1998), \u201cThe transforming leader: a meta\u2010ethnographic analysis\u201d, Community College Review, winter.","DOI":"10.1177\/009155219802600302"},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b20","unstructured":"Sandelowski, M., Docherty, S. and Emden, C. (1997), \u201cQualitative metasynthesis: issues and techniques\u201d, Research in Nursing and Health, Vol. 20, pp. 365\u201071."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b21","unstructured":"Siau, K. (1995), \u201cGroup creativity and technology\u201d, The Journal of Creative Behavior, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 201\u201016."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b22","unstructured":"Siau, K. (2003), \u201cInterorganizational systems and competitive advantages \u2013 lessons from history\u201d, Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 33\u20109."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b23","unstructured":"Siau, K. and Long, Y. (2004a), \u201cA stage model for e\u2010government implementation\u201d, paper presented at the 15th Information Resource Management Association International Conference (IRMA'04), New Orleans, LA, 23\u201026 May, pp. 886\u20107."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b24","unstructured":"Siau, K. and Long, Y. (2004b), \u201cFactors impacting e\u2010government development\u201d, paper presented at the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS 2004), Washington DC, 12\u201015 December, pp. 221\u201033."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b25","unstructured":"Siau, K. and Shen, Z. (2002), \u201cMobile commerce applications in supply chain management\u201d, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 3\u201014."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b26","unstructured":"Siau, K. and Tian, Y. (2004), \u201cSupply chains integration: architecture and enabling technologies\u201d, Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol. 44 No. 3, pp. 67\u201072."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b27","unstructured":"Siau, K., Lim, E. and Shen, Z. (2001), \u201cMobile commerce \u2013 promises, challenges, and research agenda\u201d, Journal of Database Management, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 4\u201013."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b29","unstructured":"United Nations and American Society for Public Administration (2001), Global Survey of E\u2010government, available at: www.unpan.org\/egovernment2.asp. (accessed 5 October 2003)."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b30","unstructured":"United Nations and American Society for Public Administration (2002), Benchmarking E\u2010Government: A Global Perspective, available at: www.unpan.org\/e\u2010government\/Benchmarking%20E\u2010gov%202001.pdf. (accessed October 2003)."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_b31","unstructured":"White House, Office of Management and Budget (2002), The Strategy of E\u2010Government, available at: www.whitehouse.gov\/omb\/inforeg\/egovstrategy.pdf. (accessed 5 October 2003)."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_frd1","unstructured":"Bellamy, C. and Taylor, J.A. (1998), Governing in the Information Age, Open University Press, Buckingham."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_frd2","unstructured":"Burn, J. and Robins, G. (2003), \u201cMoving towards e\u2010government: a case study of organizational change progress\u201d, Logistics Information Management, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 25\u201035."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_frd3","unstructured":"Heeks, R. (2003), \u201cE\u2010Government in Africa: promise and practice\u201d, Information Polity, Vol. 7, pp. 97\u2010114."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_frd4","unstructured":"McNeal, R.S., Tolbert, C.J., Mossberger, K. and Dotterweich, L.J. (2003), \u201cInnovating in digital government in the American states\u201d, Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 84 No. 1, pp. 52\u201070."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_frd5","unstructured":"Mooney, C.Z. and Lee, M. (1995), \u201cLegislating morality in the American States: the case of Pre\u2010Roe abortion regulation reform\u201d, American Journal of Political Service, Vol. 39, pp. 599\u2010627."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_frd6","unstructured":"Siau, K. and Shen, Z. (2003), \u201cMobile communications and mobile services\u201d, International Journal of Mobile Communications, Vol. 1 Nos. 1\/2, pp. 3\u201014."},{"key":"key2021010619560006600_frd7","unstructured":"Teicher, J. and Dow, N. (2002), \u201cE\u2010government in Australia: promise and progress\u201d, Information Polity: The International Journal of Government & Democracy in the Information Age, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 231\u201046."}],"container-title":["Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emeraldinsight.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1108\/02635570510592352","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635570510592352\/full\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/02635570510592352\/full\/html","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T23:37:31Z","timestamp":1753400251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.emerald.com\/imds\/article\/105\/4\/443-458\/182479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1108\/02635570510592352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02635570510592352","relation":{},"ISSN":["0263-5577"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0263-5577","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]]}}}